Fed May Go
Bankrupt.
No Exit
2010.11.09
By James G. Rickards
¹ø¿ª: Å丶½º ¹Ú
Disasters
sometimes sneak up in small steps, each of which
appears unthreatening at the time but which
cumulatively spell collapse. The Fed is leading the
United States to ruin in ways that are claimed to be
well intentioned and benign viewed in isolation but
which take us finally into a locked room reminiscent
of the Sartre play ¡°No Exit.¡±
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¡°NO EXIT¡±Ã³·³.
The Fed has finally
embarked on QE2, the best publicized journey
since the flight of Balloon Boy to which
quantitative easing might well be compared. Of
course, quantitative easing, or QE, is just a
euphemism for what is really going on. We¡¯ll
skip the Orwellian Newspeak of QE and stick to
the Oldspeak – printing money.
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How
does the Fed print money? It¡¯s easy; they simply
buy bonds from the market and credit the
seller¡¯s bank account with electronic cash that
comes out of thin air. When they want to reduce
the money supply, they do the opposite; that is,
they sell bonds and the buyer¡¯s bank account is
reduced by the sale price and that money
disappears. So, printing money is just a
massive program of bond purchases. The Fed
intends to concentrate the current bond buying
program in the intermediate sector of 5 to
10-year maturities.
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As a result, the Fed
is coming to resemble a highly leveraged hedge
fund with an inverted pyramid of risky, volatile
and junk debt balanced on a slim layer of
capital. Recall the Fed owns the Maiden Lane
portfolio of junk from Bear Stearns and $1.4
trillion of mortgages whose value is in serious
doubt because of strategic defaults, lost notes
and halted foreclosures. Treasury notes may be
of good credit quality if you don¡¯t mind getting
paid back in debased dollars but even Treasury
notes have market risk. If interest rates go
up, the value of Treasury notes goes down; it¡¯s
that simple. The Fed is taking both credit risk
and market risk on its balance sheet in
unprecedented amounts.
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Right now the Fed¡¯s
balance sheet shows about $57 billion in total
capital. Current assets are about $2.3
trillion. The current money-printing plan will
take total assets above $3 trillion. At that
level, it only takes a 2% decline in asset
values to wipe out the Fed¡¯s capital. Put
differently, it only takes a 2% drop in the
average value of assets on the Fed¡¯s balance
sheet for the Fed to go bankrupt. And this is
in an environment where various markets
frequently go up and down 3% in a single day.
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How risky is the
Fed¡¯s program of bond purchases? Very. For those
who are not bond traders, here are a few quick
pointers.
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First off,
intermediate term securities are more volatile
than short-term securities. The Fed
traditionally purchases Treasury bills of
one-year or less in maturity. Those bills are
not volatile at all and don¡¯t move much in price
when interest rates change. So, mark-to-market
losses are never that great. But 10-year notes
are highly volatile and losses can be huge in
response to even modest increases in interest
rates.
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Secondly, with the
Fed composing such a large part of the Treasury
market, liquidity will decrease as fewer
participants buy and sell each day due to the
Fed¡¯s dominant role. This means bid/offer
spreads will widen making it very costly for the
Fed to unload their position if they want to.
If the Fed is selling, who on earth wants to
buy?
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Finally, there is a
concept called ¡°DVO1¡± which is market jargon for
the ¡°dollar value of 1 basis point¡±. This is a
measure of how much a bond goes down in price in
response to a 1 basis point increase in interest
rates. It happens that DVO1 is greater as
interest rates are lower. In other words, the
decline in price of a bond in response to a 1
basis point increase in rates is greater when
rates are at 1% than if they are at 5%. This
element of volatility is independent of the fact
that longer maturities are more volatile, so
having longer maturities and a low-rate
environment is like soaking C4 plastic
explosives in nitroglycerine.
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When critics raise
the issue of mark-to market losses, the Fed has
a simple answer, which is that they will hold to
maturity. The Fed does not have to mark to
market; they can simply hold the assets to
maturity and collect the full proceeds from the
Treasury or other issuers. Just ignore for the
moment the fact that some of the junkier assets
and mortgages will not pay off, ever. That¡¯s
years away; for now, let¡¯s just give the Fed the
benefit of the doubt and say that mark-to-market
losses don¡¯t matter because they don¡¯t have to
sell.
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mark-to-market
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Critics also raise
the issue that this much money printing will
result in inflation at best and maybe
hyperinflation if velocity takes off due to
behavioral shifts. The Fed is also very
reassuring on this point. They say not to worry
because at the first signs of sustained and
rising inflation they will reverse course and
reduce the money supply by selling bonds and nip
inflation in the bud. But also note that the
world in which the Fed wants to sell the bonds
is also a world of rising inflation and
therefore rising interest rates. This is the
world of huge mark to market losses on the bonds
themselves.
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The Fed is saying
don¡¯t worry about mark to market losses because
we will hold the bonds. The Fed is saying don¡¯t
worry about inflation because we will sell the
bonds. Both of those statements cannot be
true at the same time. You can hold bonds
and you can sell bonds but you can¡¯t do both at
once. You will want to sell when rates are
going up but that¡¯s when losses will be the
greatest. So the time when you most want to
sell is the time when you will most want to
hold. The Fed may say they can finesse this by
selling shorter maturities only to reduce money
supply and holding onto longer maturities. But
that just further degrades the quality of the
Fed¡¯s balance sheet and turns it into a one-way
roach motel for highly volatile and junk
assets.
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market-to-market
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So, here¡¯s the bottom
line on money printing, or QE if you prefer. If
nothing happens, the whole thing was a waste of
time. If inflation takes off, the Fed will have
to choose between holding bonds and letting
inflation get worse or selling bonds and going
bankrupt in the process. Since no entity goes
down without a fight, the Fed will naturally
hold the bonds and let inflation take off. Do
not ask about the exit strategy from QE; there
is no exit.
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(There is no exit.)
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