Small Businesses
Bread and Butter for The Immigrants
ÀÚ¿µ¾÷
–
À̹ÎÀÚÀÇ Á¥ÁÙ
¡¡
2010.12.01
±èµ¿È - CEO of Wilshire Investments Group
The
definition of small business is made by employee
size and gross revenue of a firm, and varies by
country and industry. The Small Business
Administration (SBA) defines a small business as
having fewer than 500 employees for
manufacturing businesses and less than $7
million in annual receipts for nonmanufacturing
businesses. For simplicity, the small
business is defined as
smaller than 100
employees and $10 million gross revenues.
From my own experience of running small
businesses and consulting with numerous small
business owners in various industries, this
definition reflects better reality of day to day
life. Mid-sized business should have 100 or
more but fewer than 500. As we can see from the
table below, we had over 25 million firms in
2004, and 77% (19.5 million) of them was
non-employer firms -802,000 had some seasonal
employees. Small
businesses with fewer than 100 employees claims
46% of 115 million labor market in US. When we include mid-sized
businesses it is increased to 58%. Small to
mid-sized businesses employs more than a half of
labor force and produce more than a half of
Gross Domestic Products (GDP).
¼Ò±â¾÷Àº ÇÑ »ç¾÷üÀÇ °í¿ë ±Ô¸ð¿Í ¸ÅÃâ¾×¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¤ÀǵǸç
±¹°¡³ª »ê¾÷ºÐ¾ß¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ¹üÁÖ°¡ Á¶±Ý¾¿ ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ SBA (Small Business
Administration, Áß¼Ò±â¾÷û)´Â
Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÇ °í¿ë¿øÀÌ 500¸í ¹Ì¸¸°ú ¿¬ ¸ÅÃâ¾×ÀÌ
$700¸¸ ¹Ì¸¸ÀÎ ºñÁ¦Á¶¾÷ ¾÷ü¸¦ ¼Ò±â¾÷À¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
°£·«ÇϰԴÂ,
¼Ò±â¾÷Àº
100¸í ¹Ì¸¸°ú $1000¸¸
¸ÅÃ⠹̸¸ÀÇ »ç¾÷ü·Î ±¸ºÐµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
º»ÀÎÀÇ »ç¾÷ü ¿î¿µ °æÇè°ú ¸¹Àº ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¾÷ÁÖ¿Í »ó´ãÇÑ
°æÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ Á¤Àǰ¡ ½ÇÁ¦ÀÇ »óȲÀ» Àß
¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù°í º»´Ù. Áß±â¾÷Àº °í¿ëÀÎÀÌ
100ÀÎ ÀÌ»ó 500ÀÎ
¹Ì¸¸À¸·Î º¸¸é ÀûÀýÇϰڴÙ. ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Å×À̺íÀ»
º¸¸é, 2004³âµµÀÇ ÃÑ
2,500¸¸ »ç¾÷üÁß 77%ÀÎ
1,950¸¸ »ç¾÷ü°¡ ÀÏÀÎ ¿î¿µ üÁ¦À̸ç,
±× Áß 80.2¸¸Àº
ÀÓ½ÃÁ÷À» °í¿ëÇßÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
°í¿ë±Ô¸ð 100¸í ¹Ì¸¸ÀÇ ¼Ò±â¾÷ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ
1¾ï 1,150¸¸
³ëµ¿½ÃÀåÀÇ 46%¸¦ °í¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Áß±â¾÷À» Æ÷ÇÔÇϸé ÀÌ ¼öÄ¡´Â 58%·Î
´Ã¾î³´Ù. Áß¼Ò±â¾÷Àº ³ëµ¿½ÃÀåÀÇ Àý¹Ý ÀÌ»óÀ»
°í¿ëÇϸç, ±¹³»ÃÑ»ý»êÀÇ Àý¹Ý ÀÌ»óÀ» »ý»êÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù.
|
Employment Size |
Firms |
|
Establishments |
Employment |
|
Accu. |
|
All firms |
25,410 |
|
26,911 |
134,598 |
|
|
|
Non-employer firms |
19,523 |
77% |
19,523 |
19,523 |
|
|
|
Employer firms |
5,886 |
23% |
7,388 |
115,075 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-employer firms |
|
|
|
19,523 |
15% |
15% |
|
Seasonal Employees |
802 |
|
803 |
0 |
0% |
15% |
|
1 to 4 employees |
2,778 |
|
2,783 |
5,845 |
4% |
19% |
|
5 to 9 employees |
1,043 |
|
1,056 |
6,853 |
5% |
24% |
|
10 to 19 employees |
633 |
|
667 |
8,500 |
6% |
30% |
|
20 to 99 employees |
526 |
¡¡ |
693 |
20,643 |
16% |
46% |
|
100 to 499 employees |
87 |
|
330 |
16,758 |
12% |
58% |
|
500+ employees |
17 |
|
1,056 |
56,477 |
42% |
100% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
US Census Bureau, 2004 |
number*1,000 |
|
|
|
|
The North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) was implemented in
1997, replacing the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system, to provide economic
statistical data in the United States, Canada,
and Mexico, based on goods producing and service
oriented. Our typical classifications are
manufacturing, wholesale/retail and services.
The table below shows business classifications.
Noraebang/Karaoke Bar, Wireless Store and Sauna
are recently added.
ºÏ¹Ì»ê¾÷ºÐ·ùÁ¦µµ (NAICS)´Â
1997³â¿¡ ¹Ì±¹,
¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿Í Ä³³ª´ÙÀÇ °æÁ¦ Åë°èÀڷḦ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©
Á¦Á¤µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ»ê¾÷ºÐ·ù
(SIC) Á¦µµ¸¦ ´ëÄ¡½Ã۰í,
Àçȸ¦ »ý»êÇÏ´À³Ä ¶Ç´Â ¿ë¿ªÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´À³Ä°¡ ºÐ·ùÀÇ ±Ù°£ÀÌ´Ù.
º¸ÆíÀû ºÐ·ù´Â Á¦Á¶,
µµ¼Ò¸Å¿Í ¼ºñ½º·Î ³ª´µ¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¾Æ·¡ Å×À̺íÀº »ç¾÷ºÐ·ùÇ¥ÀÌ´Ù.
³ë·¡¹æ/°¡¶ó¿ÀÄÉ
¹Ù, ¼¿Æù °¡°Ô¿Í »ç¿ì³ª´Â À̹ø¿¡ Ãß°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù.
|
COCKTAIL LOUNGES/TAVERNS/BARS |
NAIL & FACIAL |
LUNCHEONETTES |
|
NORAEBANG/KARAOKE BAR |
TANNING/MASSAGE |
FRENCH |
|
COCKTAIL LIQUOR LICENSE ONLY |
SAUNA |
CHINESE or THAI |
|
|
RENTAL |
ITALIAN |
|
FAST FOODS (PRIMARILY TAKE-OUT) |
STORAGE |
MID-EASTERN or GREEK |
|
SANDWICH |
CHECK CASHING |
MEXICAN |
|
PIZZA |
SHOE REPAIR |
KOREAN |
|
CHICKEN & RIBS |
AMUSEMENT & RECREATION |
STEAK HOUSES |
|
HAMBURGER |
TRANSPORTATION |
SEAFOOD RESTAURANTS |
|
FISH & CHIPS |
MESSENGER |
BAR-B-QUE RESTAURANTS |
|
HOT DOG |
COMPUTERS & PROGRAMMING |
BUFFET or CAFETERIA STYLE |
|
KOREAN |
ELECTRONIC REPAIR |
JAPANESE |
|
MEXICAN |
HEALTH CLUBS |
BREAKFAST and/or LUNCH |
|
CHINESE or THAI |
LAWN CARE or LANDSCAPING |
CAFÉ or COFFEE SHOP |
|
JAPANESE |
PET GROOMING |
|
|
OTHER |
MAILBOX or PACKAGING |
ACCOUNTING AND TAX SERVICE |
|
|
FILM DEVELOPING/1 HOUR PHOTO |
PERSONNEL SERVICE |
|
MISCELLANEOUS FOOD SERVICE |
SECRETARIAL/ANSWERING |
TRAVEL AGENCY |
|
CATERING TRUCKS |
OTHER |
ADVERTISING AGENCY |
|
BAKERIES |
|
DAYCARE/EDUCATIONAL CENTER |
|
DONUTS/BAGEL |
RETAIL |
MEDICAL/DENTAL/OPTICIAN |
|
ICE CREAM/YOGURT |
FABRIC |
HOME REPAIR |
|
CATERING (FOOD PREP. ONLY) |
CLOTHING |
CLEANING SERVICE |
|
ESPRESSO/COFFEE HOUSE |
COSMETICS or BEAUTY SUPPLY |
CONTRACTOR SERVICE |
|
OTHER |
SHOE |
SECURITY SERVICE |
|
|
DEPARTMENT STORE |
INSURANCE |
|
CLEANING OPERATIONS |
CAMERA |
GAS STATION |
|
COIN LAUNDRIES |
ELECTRONIC |
AUTO/TRUCK/MOTORCYCLE SERVICE |
|
DRY CLEANERS W/PLANT |
PLASTIC |
CAR WASH |
|
COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY |
WIRELESS |
PRINTING SERVICE |
|
INDUSTRIAL LAUNDRY |
WOOD PRODUCTS |
GIFTS/CARDS/PARTY SUPPLY |
|
TAILOR SHOP |
PAPER PRODUCTS |
AUTOMOTIVE AFTERMARKET |
|
DRY CLEANING AGENCY |
CONSUMER PRODUCTS |
AUTO/MOTORCYCLE DEALER |
|
OTHER |
FOOD PRODUCTS |
PHARMACY/DRUGSTORE |
|
|
CHEMICAL |
SPORTING GOODS STORE |
|
MARKETS |
FABRICATION/WELDING |
FURNITURE/APPLIANCES/ELECTRONIC |
|
GROCERY STORES/SUPER MARKETS |
DISCOUNT/99 CENTS STORE |
FLOWERS/PLANTS/GARDEN EQUIPMENTS |
|
CONVENIENCE STORES/MINI MARKETS |
SIGNS |
PET SHOP |
|
HEALTH FOOD STORES |
OTHER |
HARDWARE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY |
|
MEAT MARKET |
|
JEWELRY/ACCESSORY STORE |
|
FISH & SEAFOOD /MARKET |
DISTRIBUTION/WHOLESALE |
MUSIC STORE |
|
CANDY/NUT/COFFEE STORE |
METALS |
HOBBIES & CRAFTS |
|
FRUITS PRODUCE MARKET |
ELECTRONIC GOODS |
OFFICE SUPPLY/BUSINESS SANITARY |
|
ETHNIC FOOD STORE |
ELECTRONIC SUPPLIES |
NEWSPAPER & TOBACCO |
|
DELI MARKET |
PLASTIC GOODS |
BOOK STORE |
|
GOURMET/CHEESE SHOP |
CLOTHING |
REAL ESTATE |
|
DAIRY |
WOOD PRODUCTS |
HOME FURNISHINGS |
|
OTHER |
PAPER GOODS |
ART GALLERIES/PICTURE FRAMING |
|
|
CONSUMER |
TOY STORES |
|
LIQUOR STORES |
FOOD PRODUCTS |
AGRICULTURE/FARMS/RANCHES |
|
PACKAGE STORE |
CHEMICAL PRODUCT |
RECYCLING |
|
DISCOUNT PACKAGE STORE |
ADVERTISING/MARKETING |
MANUFACTURING |
|
PKG STORE LIQUOR LICENSE ONLY |
IMPORT/EXPORT |
MACHINE SHOP |
|
LIQUOR DISTRIBUTOR |
VENDING MACHINE |
MOTEL & HOTEL |
|
OTHER |
LIQUOR DISTRIBUTOR |
RECREATIONAL PROPERTY |
|
|
OTHER |
NURSING HOME |
|
SERVICES |
|
ROOM & BOARD FACILITY |
|
FINANCIAL |
RESTAURANTS |
|
|
HAIR & BEAUTY |
DINNER RESTAURANT (Primarily
American) |
OTHERS |
We consume most of
goods and services provided by small businesses
in our daily life. Small businesses have also
been a major source of income for
first-generation immigrants such as Jews,
Chinese and Japanese in the past as well as
Korean, Indian and Middle Eastern for now. Due
to limitation in language and cultural
differences, they¡¯ve
concentrated in liquor stores, markets, dry
cleaners, fast foods, restaurants, and garment
industries, which require long hours of
operation and intensive labor from family
member. Second generations of the immigrants
tend to do away with these businesses gradually,
simply because they no longer suffer from
language and cultural barriers. They tend to
have jobs at major companies or governments and
run small businesses offering professional
services.
¿ì¸®´Â ÀÏ»ó »ýȰ¿¡¼ ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ÀÚ¿µ¾÷ÀÚ°¡ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÀçÈ¿Í
¿ë¿ªÀ» ´ëºÎºÐ ¼ÒºñÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚ¿µ¾÷Àº À̹Î
Àϼ¼´ëÀÇ ÁÖ ¼Òµæ¿ø À̾úÀ¸¸ç, °ú°Å¿¡´Â À¯´ëÀÎ,
Áß±¹ÀÎ ±×¸®°í ÀϺ»ÀεéÀÌ,
ÇöÀç´Â Çѱ¹ÀÎ,
ÀεµÀÎ ±×¸®°í Áßµ¿ÀεéÀÌ ÁÖ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù.
¾ð¾î À庮°ú ¹®ÈÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ, ±ä ¿µ¾÷
½Ã°£°ú °¡Á·ÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸®Ä¿ ½ºÅä¾î,
¸¶ÄÏ, ¼¼Å¹¼Ò,
ÆÐ½ºÆ® Ǫµå,
½Ä´ç°ú ÀÇ·ù¾÷¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÏ¿© ¿Ô´Ù. ¾ð¾î¿Í
¹®ÈÀÇ À庮À» ±Øº¹ÇÑ À̹ΠÀ̼¼µéÀº Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÁî´Ï½º¸¦ ¸Ö¸®Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±×µéÀº Å« ȸ»ç¿¡ Á÷ÀåÀ» Àâ°Å³ª °ø¹«¿øÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇϸç,
Àü¹®¼ºÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿µ¾÷À» ¿î¿µÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
There¡¯re
some noticeable trends among immigrants from
different countries. Koreans can be seen as a
mirror image of Jews in business ownership. As
Jews used to run liquor stores, markets, dry
cleaners and garment industries in LA downtown,
Koreans have concentrated in theses industries.
Koreans own 70% of dry cleaners in Southern
California (60% nationwide) and about half of
other three industries. These high ratios are
currently declining as Middle Eastern
immigrants, especially Armenian, are replacing
Korean ownership. Indians are famous in motel
ownership -70% of motels in Southern California
(80% of them
¡®Patel¡¯)-
and franchise businesses that requires English
proficiency such as Seven Eleven, Subway and
Denny¡¯s.
Middle Eastern are concentrated in liquor
stores, gas stations and car wash. It is
interesting to note that Vietnamese are very
popular in nail salon business, and Cambodians
in donuts shops. Another finding is that
immigrants from western part of Asia dream of
owing gas stations once they build up enough
capital.
À̹ΠÃâ½Å±¹¿¡
µû¶ó ÀÚ¿µ¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±È£µµ°¡ ´Ù¸§À» º»´Ù.
Çѱ¹ÀÎÀº ÀÚ¿µ¾÷ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ À¯´ëÀΰú Èí»çÇÏ´Ù.
À¯´ëÀÎÀÌ ¸®Ä¿ ½ºÅä¾î,
¸¶ÄÏ, ¼¼Å¹¼Ò¿Í
LA ´Ù¿îŸ¿î (ÀÚ¹Ù
½ÃÀå)À» Áö¹èÇß´ø °Í°ú °°ÀÌ,
Çѱ¹Àεµ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¾÷üµé¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾîÀÖ´Ù.
Çѱ¹ÀÎÀº ³²°¡ÁÖ¿¡¼ ¼¼Å¹¼ÒÀÇ 70%¸¦
(Àü±¹ÀÇ 60%)
¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
´Ù¸¥ ¼¼ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ ¾à ¹ÝÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Áßµ¿ÀεéÀÌ, ƯÈ÷ ¾Ë¸Þ´Ï¾È,
Çѱ¹ÀÎÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ Àá½ÄÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÌ ³ôÀº ºñÀ²Àº ³·¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ´Â
Ãß¼¼ÀÌ´Ù. ÀεµÀεéÀº ¸ðÅÚÀ» ¼±È£Çϰí
–³²°¡ÁÖ
¸ðÅÚÀÇ 70% (±×Áß 80%´Â
¡®Patel¡¯)-,
Seven Eleven, Subway ±×¸®°í
Denny¡¯s
°°Àº ÇÁ·»Â÷ÀÌÁî »ç¾÷À» (¿µ¾î
¿äÇÔ) ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù.
Áßµ¿ÀεéÀº ¸®Ä¿ ½ºÅä¾î,
°³½º ½ºÅ×À̼ǰú Ä«¿ö½Ã¿¡¼ ¸¹ÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¿ù³²ÀεéÀ» nail salons¿¡¼
¸¹ÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, įº¸µð¾ÆÀεéÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
donuts shopÀ» ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â Á¡¿¡ ÁÖ½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¼ÂÊ Áö¿ª¿¡¼ÀÇ À̹ÎÀÚµéÀº µ·À» ¸ð¾Æ °³½º
½ºÅ×À̼ÇÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ²ÞÀ» °®°íÀÖ´Ù.
There¡¯re
similarities among Jewish, Armenian and Korean
in diligence and family labor. Koreans prefer
to run a single location only with minimum
number of employees. It is not uncommon to see
Korean owners behind the counter running cash
registers even for sizable businesses. For
religious reason, spouses are not providing most
important family labor for Middle Eastern. That
may be the reason that partnership is very
popular ownership for them in gas station and
car wash businesses. Middle Eastern usually
owns multiple locations with different partners
and are not too much into running cash registers
like Korean. Indians are not as much diligent
as the above three people in objective view and
prefer to own motels with a living quarter and
franchised businesses that requires minimum
supervision by owners. These reasons together
with new immigrants¡¯
risk aversion and available capital may explain
concentration in different businesses by
different nationalities.
À¯´ëÀΰú ¾Ë¸Þ´Ï¾È ±×¸®°í Çѱ¹ÀÎÀº ±Ù¸éÇÔ°ú ¿Â °¡Á·ÀÌ ÇÔ²²
ÀÏÇÏ´Â ¸é¿¡¼ ´àÀº ¸éÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Çѱ¹ÀÎÀº
ÃÖ¼ÒÀÇ Á¾¾÷¿øÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¾÷¼Ò¸¸ ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
±Ô¸ð°¡ ÀÖ´Â »ç¾÷ü¿¡¼µµ Çѱ¹ÀÎ ¾÷ÁÖ°¡ ±ÝÀüµî·Ï±â¿¡¼
ÀÏÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÀÚÁÖ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¾±³Àû
ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼ÀÎÁö, Áßµ¿ÀÎÀÇ ºÎÀεéÀº Á¦ÀÏ Áß¿äÇÑ
°¡Á·³ëµ¿À» Á¦°øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¸¶µµ
°³½º ½ºÅ×À̼ÇÀ̳ª Ä«¿ö½Ã ºñÁî´Ï½º¿¡¼ Áßµ¿ÀεéÀÇ µ¿¾÷ÀÌ ÈçÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÎ µíÇÏ´Ù.
Áßµ¿ÀεéÀº °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ µ¿¾÷ÀÚ¿Í ¿©·¯ ·ÎÄÉÀ̼ÇÀ» ¿î¿µÇϸç,
Çѱ¹ÀÎó·³ ±ÝÀüµî·Ï±â¿¡¼ ÀÏÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
°´°üÀûÀ¸·Î º¼ ¶§,
ÀεµÀεéÀº À§ÀÇ ¼¼ ¹ÎÁ·Ã³·³ ±Ù¸éÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â¿¡,
»ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾÷ÁÖÀÇ °ü¸®°¡ ´ú ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â »ì¸²ÁýÀÌ ÀÖ´Â
¸ðÅÚÀ̳ª ÇÁ·»Â÷ÀÌÁî ºñÁî´Ï½º¸¦ ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ
ÀÌÀ¯¿Í ÇÔ²² »õ·Î ¿Â À̹ÎÀÚÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ±âÇÇÇÏ·Á´Â ¼Ó¼º°ú ÀڱݷÂÀÌ ¾î¶² ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ¾î¶²
ºñÁî´Ï½º¿¡ ÁýÁßÀÌ µÈ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í º»´Ù.
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