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Small Businesses

Bread and Butter for The Immigrants

ÀÚ¿µ¾÷ À̹ÎÀÚÀÇ Á¥ÁÙ

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 2010.12.01

±èµ¿È­ - CEO of Wilshire Investments Group

The definition of small business is made by employee size and gross revenue of a firm, and varies by country and industry.  The Small Business Administration (SBA) defines a small business as having fewer than 500 employees for manufacturing businesses and less than $7 million in annual receipts for nonmanufacturing businesses.  For simplicity, the small business is defined as smaller than 100 employees and $10 million gross revenues.  From my own experience of running small businesses and consulting with numerous small business owners in various industries, this definition reflects better reality of day to day life.  Mid-sized business should have 100 or more but fewer than 500.  As we can see from the table below, we had over 25 million firms in 2004, and 77% (19.5 million) of them was non-employer firms -802,000 had some seasonal employees.  Small businesses with fewer than 100 employees claims 46% of 115 million labor market in US.  When we include mid-sized businesses it is increased to 58%.  Small to mid-sized businesses employs more than a half of labor force and produce more than a half of Gross Domestic Products (GDP). 

¼Ò±â¾÷Àº ÇÑ »ç¾÷üÀÇ °í¿ë ±Ô¸ð¿Í ¸ÅÃâ¾×¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¤ÀÇµÇ¸ç ±¹°¡³ª »ê¾÷ºÐ¾ß¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ¹üÁÖ°¡ Á¶±Ý¾¿ ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö Àִٹ̱¹ÀÇ SBA (Small Business Administration, Áß¼Ò±â¾÷û)´Â Á¦Á¶¾÷ÀÇ °í¿ë¿øÀÌ 500¸í ¹Ì¸¸°ú ¿¬ ¸ÅÃâ¾×ÀÌ $700¸¸ ¹Ì¸¸ÀÎ ºñÁ¦Á¶¾÷ ¾÷ü¸¦ ¼Ò±â¾÷À¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°£·«ÇϰԴÂ, ¼Ò±â¾÷Àº 100¸í ¹Ì¸¸°ú $1000¸¸ ¸ÅÃ⠹̸¸ÀÇ »ç¾÷ü·Î ±¸ºÐµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ùº»ÀÎÀÇ »ç¾÷ü ¿î¿µ °æÇè°ú ¸¹Àº ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¾÷ÁÖ¿Í »ó´ãÇÑ °æÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÌ Á¤Àǰ¡ ½ÇÁ¦ÀÇ »óȲÀ» Àß ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù°í º»´ÙÁß±â¾÷Àº °í¿ëÀÎÀÌ 100ÀÎ ÀÌ»ó 500ÀÎ ¹Ì¸¸À¸·Î º¸¸é ÀûÀýÇϰڴپƷ¡ÀÇ Å×À̺íÀ» º¸¸é, 2004³âµµÀÇ ÃÑ 2,500¸¸ »ç¾÷üÁß 77%ÀÎ 1,950¸¸ »ç¾÷ü°¡ ÀÏÀÎ ¿î¿µ üÁ¦À̸ç, ±× Áß 80.2¸¸Àº ÀÓ½ÃÁ÷À» °í¿ëÇßÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù °í¿ë±Ô¸ð 100¸í ¹Ì¸¸ÀÇ ¼Ò±â¾÷ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ 1¾ï 1,150¸¸ ³ëµ¿½ÃÀåÀÇ 46%¸¦ °í¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Áß±â¾÷À» Æ÷ÇÔÇϸé ÀÌ ¼öÄ¡´Â 58%·Î ´Ã¾î³­´ÙÁß¼Ò±â¾÷Àº ³ëµ¿½ÃÀåÀÇ Àý¹Ý ÀÌ»óÀ» °í¿ëÇϸç, ±¹³»ÃÑ»ý»êÀÇ Àý¹Ý ÀÌ»óÀ» »ý»êÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.        

Employment Size

Firms

 

Establishments

Employment

 

Accu.

All firms

25,410

 

26,911

134,598

 

 

Non-employer firms

19,523

77%

19,523

19,523

 

 

Employer firms

5,886

23%

7,388

115,075

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Non-employer firms

 

 

 

19,523

15%

15%

Seasonal Employees

802

 

803

0

0%

15%

1 to 4 employees

2,778

 

2,783

5,845

4%

19%

5 to 9 employees

1,043

 

1,056

6,853

5%

24%

10 to 19 employees

633

 

667

8,500

6%

30%

20 to 99 employees

526

¡¡

693

20,643

16%

46%

100 to 499 employees

87

 

330

16,758

12%

58%

500+ employees

17

 

1,056

56,477

42%

100%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

US Census Bureau, 2004

number*1,000

 

 

 

 

 The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) was implemented in 1997, replacing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, to provide economic statistical data in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, based on goods producing and service oriented. Our typical classifications are manufacturing, wholesale/retail and services. The table below shows business classifications.  Noraebang/Karaoke Bar, Wireless Store and Sauna are recently added.  

ºÏ¹Ì»ê¾÷ºÐ·ùÁ¦µµ (NAICS)´Â 1997³â¿¡ ¹Ì±¹, ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿Í Ä³³ª´ÙÀÇ °æÁ¦ Åë°èÀڷḦ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Á¦Á¤µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ»ê¾÷ºÐ·ù (SIC) Á¦µµ¸¦ ´ëÄ¡½Ã۰í, ÀçÈ­¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´À³Ä ¶Ç´Â ¿ë¿ªÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´À³Ä°¡ ºÐ·ùÀÇ ±Ù°£ÀÌ´Ùº¸ÆíÀû ºÐ·ù´Â Á¦Á¶, µµ¼Ò¸Å¿Í ¼­ºñ½º·Î ³ª´µ¾îÁú ¼ö ÀִپƷ¡ Å×À̺íÀº »ç¾÷ºÐ·ùÇ¥À̴ٳ뷡¹æ/°¡¶ó¿ÀÄÉ ¹Ù, ¼¿Æù °¡°Ô¿Í »ç¿ì³ª´Â À̹ø¿¡ Ãß°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù

COCKTAIL LOUNGES/TAVERNS/BARS

NAIL & FACIAL

LUNCHEONETTES

NORAEBANG/KARAOKE BAR

TANNING/MASSAGE

FRENCH

COCKTAIL LIQUOR LICENSE ONLY

SAUNA

CHINESE or THAI

 

RENTAL

ITALIAN

FAST FOODS (PRIMARILY TAKE-OUT)

STORAGE

MID-EASTERN or GREEK

SANDWICH

CHECK CASHING

MEXICAN

PIZZA

SHOE REPAIR

KOREAN

CHICKEN & RIBS

AMUSEMENT & RECREATION

STEAK HOUSES

HAMBURGER

TRANSPORTATION

SEAFOOD RESTAURANTS

FISH & CHIPS

MESSENGER

BAR-B-QUE RESTAURANTS

HOT DOG

COMPUTERS & PROGRAMMING

BUFFET or CAFETERIA STYLE

KOREAN

ELECTRONIC REPAIR

JAPANESE

MEXICAN

HEALTH CLUBS

BREAKFAST and/or LUNCH

CHINESE or THAI

LAWN CARE or LANDSCAPING

CAFÉ or COFFEE SHOP

JAPANESE

PET GROOMING

 

OTHER

MAILBOX or PACKAGING

ACCOUNTING AND TAX SERVICE

 

FILM DEVELOPING/1 HOUR PHOTO

PERSONNEL SERVICE

MISCELLANEOUS FOOD SERVICE

SECRETARIAL/ANSWERING

TRAVEL AGENCY

CATERING TRUCKS

OTHER

ADVERTISING AGENCY

BAKERIES

 

DAYCARE/EDUCATIONAL CENTER

DONUTS/BAGEL

RETAIL

MEDICAL/DENTAL/OPTICIAN

ICE CREAM/YOGURT

FABRIC

HOME REPAIR

CATERING (FOOD PREP. ONLY)

CLOTHING

CLEANING SERVICE

ESPRESSO/COFFEE HOUSE

COSMETICS or BEAUTY SUPPLY

CONTRACTOR SERVICE

OTHER

SHOE

SECURITY SERVICE

 

DEPARTMENT STORE

INSURANCE

CLEANING OPERATIONS

CAMERA

GAS STATION

COIN LAUNDRIES

ELECTRONIC

AUTO/TRUCK/MOTORCYCLE SERVICE

DRY CLEANERS W/PLANT

PLASTIC

CAR WASH

COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY

WIRELESS

PRINTING SERVICE

INDUSTRIAL LAUNDRY

WOOD PRODUCTS

GIFTS/CARDS/PARTY SUPPLY

TAILOR SHOP

PAPER PRODUCTS

AUTOMOTIVE AFTERMARKET

DRY CLEANING AGENCY

CONSUMER PRODUCTS

AUTO/MOTORCYCLE DEALER

OTHER

FOOD PRODUCTS

PHARMACY/DRUGSTORE

 

CHEMICAL

SPORTING GOODS STORE

MARKETS

FABRICATION/WELDING

FURNITURE/APPLIANCES/ELECTRONIC

GROCERY STORES/SUPER MARKETS

DISCOUNT/99 CENTS STORE

FLOWERS/PLANTS/GARDEN EQUIPMENTS

CONVENIENCE STORES/MINI MARKETS

SIGNS

PET SHOP

HEALTH FOOD STORES

OTHER

HARDWARE ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

MEAT MARKET

 

JEWELRY/ACCESSORY STORE

FISH & SEAFOOD /MARKET

DISTRIBUTION/WHOLESALE

MUSIC STORE

CANDY/NUT/COFFEE STORE

METALS

HOBBIES & CRAFTS

FRUITS PRODUCE MARKET

ELECTRONIC GOODS

OFFICE SUPPLY/BUSINESS SANITARY

ETHNIC FOOD STORE

ELECTRONIC SUPPLIES

NEWSPAPER & TOBACCO

DELI MARKET

PLASTIC GOODS

BOOK STORE

GOURMET/CHEESE SHOP

CLOTHING

REAL ESTATE

DAIRY

WOOD PRODUCTS

HOME FURNISHINGS

OTHER

PAPER GOODS

ART GALLERIES/PICTURE FRAMING

 

CONSUMER

TOY STORES

LIQUOR STORES

FOOD PRODUCTS

AGRICULTURE/FARMS/RANCHES

PACKAGE STORE

CHEMICAL PRODUCT

RECYCLING

DISCOUNT PACKAGE STORE

ADVERTISING/MARKETING

MANUFACTURING

PKG STORE LIQUOR LICENSE ONLY

IMPORT/EXPORT

MACHINE SHOP

LIQUOR DISTRIBUTOR

VENDING MACHINE

MOTEL & HOTEL

OTHER

LIQUOR DISTRIBUTOR

RECREATIONAL PROPERTY

 

OTHER

NURSING HOME

SERVICES

 

ROOM & BOARD FACILITY

FINANCIAL

RESTAURANTS

 

HAIR & BEAUTY

DINNER RESTAURANT (Primarily American)

OTHERS

We consume most of goods and services provided by small businesses in our daily life.  Small businesses have also been a major source of income for first-generation immigrants such as Jews, Chinese and Japanese in the past as well as Korean, Indian and Middle Eastern for now.  Due to limitation in language and cultural differences, they¡¯ve concentrated in liquor stores, markets, dry cleaners, fast foods, restaurants, and garment industries, which require long hours of operation and intensive labor from family member.  Second generations of the immigrants tend to do away with these businesses gradually, simply because they no longer suffer from language and cultural barriers.  They tend to have jobs at major companies or governments and run small businesses offering professional services.   

¿ì¸®´Â ÀÏ»ó »ýȰ¿¡¼­ ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ÀÚ¿µ¾÷ÀÚ°¡ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÀçÈ­¿Í ¿ë¿ªÀ» ´ëºÎºÐ ¼ÒºñÇÑ´ÙÀÚ¿µ¾÷Àº À̹ΠÀϼ¼´ëÀÇ ÁÖ ¼Òµæ¿ø À̾úÀ¸¸ç, °ú°Å¿¡´Â À¯´ëÀÎ, Áß±¹ÀÎ ±×¸®°í ÀϺ»ÀεéÀÌ, ÇöÀç´Â Çѱ¹ÀÎ, ÀεµÀÎ ±×¸®°í Áßµ¿ÀεéÀÌ ÁÖ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù ¾ð¾î À庮°ú ¹®È­ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ, ±ä ¿µ¾÷ ½Ã°£°ú °¡Á·ÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸®Ä¿ ½ºÅä¾î, ¸¶ÄÏ, ¼¼Å¹¼Ò, ÆÐ½ºÆ® Ǫµå, ½Ä´ç°ú ÀÇ·ù¾÷¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÏ¿© ¿Ô´Ù¾ð¾î¿Í ¹®È­ÀÇ À庮À» ±Øº¹ÇÑ À̹ΠÀ̼¼µéÀº Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÁî´Ï½º¸¦ ¸Ö¸®Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù±×µéÀº Å« ȸ»ç¿¡ Á÷ÀåÀ» Àâ°Å³ª °ø¹«¿øÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇϸç, Àü¹®¼ºÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿µ¾÷À» ¿î¿µÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù

There¡¯re some noticeable trends among immigrants from different countries.  Koreans can be seen as a mirror image of Jews in business ownership.  As Jews used to run liquor stores, markets, dry cleaners and garment industries in LA downtown, Koreans have concentrated in theses industries.  Koreans own 70% of dry cleaners in Southern California (60% nationwide) and about half of other three industries.  These high ratios are currently declining as Middle Eastern immigrants, especially Armenian, are replacing Korean ownership.  Indians are famous in motel ownership -70% of motels in Southern California (80% of them ¡®Patel¡¯)- and franchise businesses that requires English proficiency such as Seven Eleven, Subway and Denny¡¯s.  Middle Eastern are concentrated in liquor stores, gas stations and car wash.  It is interesting to note that Vietnamese are very popular in nail salon business, and Cambodians in donuts shops.  Another finding is that immigrants from western part of Asia dream of owing gas stations once they build up enough capital.

À̹ΠÃâ½Å±¹¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚ¿µ¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼±È£µµ°¡ ´Ù¸§À» º»´ÙÇѱ¹ÀÎÀº ÀÚ¿µ¾÷ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ À¯´ëÀΰú Èí»çÇÏ´ÙÀ¯´ëÀÎÀÌ ¸®Ä¿ ½ºÅä¾î, ¸¶ÄÏ, ¼¼Å¹¼Ò¿Í LA ´Ù¿îŸ¿î (ÀÚ¹Ù ½ÃÀå)À» Áö¹èÇß´ø °Í°ú °°ÀÌ, Çѱ¹Àεµ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç¾÷üµé¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾîÀÖ´ÙÇѱ¹ÀÎÀº ³²°¡ÁÖ¿¡¼­ ¼¼Å¹¼ÒÀÇ 70%¸¦ (Àü±¹ÀÇ 60%) ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¾à ¹ÝÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù Áßµ¿ÀεéÀÌ, ƯÈ÷ ¾Ë¸Þ´Ï¾È, Çѱ¹ÀÎÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ Àá½ÄÇϸ鼭 ÀÌ ³ôÀº ºñÀ²Àº ³·¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ´Â Ãß¼¼ÀÌ´Ù.  ÀεµÀεéÀº ¸ðÅÚÀ» ¼±È£ÇÏ°í ³²°¡ÁÖ ¸ðÅÚÀÇ 70% (±×Áß 80%´Â ¡®Patel¡¯)-, Seven Eleven, Subway ±×¸®°í Denny¡¯s °°Àº ÇÁ·»Â÷ÀÌÁî »ç¾÷À» (¿µ¾î ¿äÇÔ) ¼±È£ÇÑ´ÙÁßµ¿ÀεéÀº ¸®Ä¿ ½ºÅä¾î, °³½º ½ºÅ×À̼ǰú Ä«¿ö½Ã¿¡¼­ ¸¹ÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¿ù³²ÀεéÀ» nail salons¿¡¼­ ¸¹ÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, įº¸µð¾ÆÀεéÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ donuts shopÀ» ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â Á¡¿¡ ÁÖ½ÃÇѴپƽþÆÀÇ ¼­ÂÊ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ÀÇ À̹ÎÀÚµéÀº µ·À» ¸ð¾Æ °³½º ½ºÅ×À̼ÇÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ²ÞÀ» °®°íÀÖ´Ù

There¡¯re similarities among Jewish, Armenian and Korean in diligence and family labor.  Koreans prefer to run a single location only with minimum number of employees.  It is not uncommon to see Korean owners behind the counter running cash registers even for sizable businesses.  For religious reason, spouses are not providing most important family labor for Middle Eastern.  That may be the reason that partnership is very popular ownership for them in gas station and car wash businesses.  Middle Eastern usually owns multiple locations with different partners and are not too much into running cash registers like Korean.  Indians are not as much diligent as the above three people in objective view and prefer to own motels with a living quarter and franchised businesses that requires minimum supervision by owners.  These reasons together with new immigrants¡¯ risk aversion and available capital may explain concentration in different businesses by different nationalities. 

À¯´ëÀΰú ¾Ë¸Þ´Ï¾È ±×¸®°í Çѱ¹ÀÎÀº ±Ù¸éÇÔ°ú ¿Â °¡Á·ÀÌ ÇÔ²² ÀÏÇÏ´Â ¸é¿¡¼­ ´àÀº ¸éÀÌ ÀÖ´ÙÇѱ¹ÀÎÀº ÃÖ¼ÒÀÇ Á¾¾÷¿øÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¾÷¼Ò¸¸ ¿î¿µÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀִٱԸ𰡠ÀÖ´Â »ç¾÷ü¿¡¼­µµ Çѱ¹ÀÎ ¾÷ÁÖ°¡ ±ÝÀüµî·Ï±â¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÀÚÁÖ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÙÁ¾±³Àû ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼­ÀÎÁö, Áßµ¿ÀÎÀÇ ºÎÀεéÀº Á¦ÀÏ Áß¿äÇÑ °¡Á·³ëµ¿À» Á¦°øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â´Ù±×°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¸¶µµ °³½º ½ºÅ×À̼ÇÀ̳ª Ä«¿ö½Ã ºñÁî´Ï½º¿¡¼­ Áßµ¿ÀεéÀÇ µ¿¾÷ÀÌ ÈçÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÎ µíÇÏ´ÙÁßµ¿ÀεéÀº °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ µ¿¾÷ÀÚ¿Í ¿©·¯ ·ÎÄÉÀ̼ÇÀ» ¿î¿µÇϸç, Çѱ¹ÀÎó·³ ±ÝÀüµî·Ï±â¿¡¼­ ÀÏÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù°´°üÀûÀ¸·Î º¼ ¶§, ÀεµÀεéÀº À§ÀÇ ¼¼ ¹ÎÁ·Ã³·³ ±Ù¸éÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â¿¡, »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾÷ÁÖÀÇ °ü¸®°¡ ´ú ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â »ì¸²ÁýÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðÅÚÀ̳ª ÇÁ·»Â÷ÀÌÁî ºñÁî´Ï½º¸¦ ¼±È£ÇÑ´ÙÀÌ ÀÌÀ¯¿Í ÇÔ²² »õ·Î ¿Â À̹ÎÀÚÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ±âÇÇÇÏ·Á´Â ¼Ó¼º°ú ÀڱݷÂÀÌ ¾î¶² ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ¾î¶² ºñÁî´Ï½º¿¡ ÁýÁßÀÌ µÈ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í º»´Ù.

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Dong Hwa "Douglas" Kim

Dong Hwa Kim is the President of Wilshire Investments Group, Inc..  in Los Angeles, a small business and real estate brokerage in the Southern California region.  

He received a BA degree in economics from Korea University in 1971 and a BS degree in the Business Administration from University of Albuquerque in 1983. 

He also earned MA in 1987, and became a Ph.D. candidate concentrating in Development Economics, International Trade and International Finance at the Michigan State University.

He currently holds a California Real Estate Broker's license.

213.324.8949 ¡¤
doug@wilshire.tv

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