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GLOBAL ECONOMY: Short on options

¼¼°è°æÁ¦: ¿É¼ÇÀÌ ±×¸® ¸¹Áö ¾Ê´Ù.
ÅõÀÚ°¡µéÀº À§ÇèÀڻ꿡 ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¸¦ Á¶½ÉÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù

 
¹ø¿ªÀÏ: 2010.10.11
¹ø¿ª:
Å丶½º ¹Ú (www.GyungJe.com)

ÀúÀÚ: 2010.10.09 | Nouriel Roubini (EmergingMarkets.org)
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What is the outlook for the global economy? First, the recovery will be multi-speed: anemic, sub-par, below-trend and U-shaped in the US and most other advanced economies, given a multi-year slog of private and public sector deleveraging that has barely begun; more robust and V-shaped in most emerging economies where potential growth is higher, debt and leverage in private and public sectors lower, and financial markets more robust.

¼¼°è°æÁ¦ÀÇ Àü¸ÁÀº ¾î¶²°¡? ù°, ȸº¹¼Óµµ´Â Á¦°¢±â ´Ù¸¦°ÍÀ̸ç; ºó¾àÇϰí; Ç¥ÁØÀÌÇÏÀÏ °ÍÀ̸ç; Ãß¼¼¸¦ ¹Øµ¹°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼ö³â¿¡ °ÅÄ£ ÇÁ¶óÀ̺ø°ú °ø°øºÐ¾ßÀÇ µð·¹¹ö¸®ÁöÀÇ ³­Å¸°¡ °Ü¿ì ½ÃÀÛµÈ ¹Ì±¹°ú ¼±Áø±¹µéÀÇ È¸º¹Àº U-ÀÚÇüÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ½ÅÈï±¹°¡µéÀÇ È¸º¹Àº V-ÀÚ ¸ðÇüÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀε¥ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀáÀçµÈ ¼ºÀå·üÀº ³ô°í, ºÎäºñÀ²µµ ³·À¸¸ç, ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀåµµ ÈξÀ °­¼ºÇÑ ´öºÐÀÌ´Ù.

Second, 2010 is a year of two halves. Output in the second half will be weaker than in the first, as growth¡¯s tailwinds turn into headwinds: the inventory adjustment – that accounted for a significant part of growth in H1 – is mostly done; the fiscal stimulus ends up a drag on economic growth as economies move towards fiscal austerity; the base effect – comparing H1 2010 with a free falling H1 last year – is gone; and a number of tax policies that stole demand and growth from the future – cash for clunkers, investment tax credits, first time homebuyers tax credits – have expired.

µÑ°, 2010³âÀº µÎ°³·Î ³ª´µ¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. µÞ¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ ¸Â¹Ù¶÷À¸·Î º¯ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ÈĹݱâÀÇ »ý»êÀº »ó¹Ý±â¿¡ ºñÇØ ÀúÁ¶ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ¸ç »ó¹Ý±â GDP¼ºÀå¿¡ ÀÏÁ¶¸¦ ´ã´çÇß´ø Àç°íÃàÀûµµ ÇϹݿ¡ µé¾î°¡¸é¼­ ´ëºÎºÐ ³¡³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù. »ó¹Ý±â¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´ø °æ±âºÎ¾çÁ¤Ã¥ÀÌ ÈĹݱ⿡´Â ±äÃàÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾î°¡¸é¼­ °æÁ¦¼ºÀå¿¡ ºÎ´ãÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Æø»è ÁÖÀú¾É¾Ò´ø 2009 »ó¹Ý±â¿Í ºñ±³µÇ¾î¼­ °­ÇÑ ¹Ýµî¼¼Ã³·³ º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø 2010 »ó¹Ý±âµµ ÀÌÁ¦´Â Áö³ª°¬°í ¼¼±ÝƯÇý¸¦ µî¿¡ ¾ø°í ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼Òºñ¸¦ ¹Ì¸® ¾Õ´ç±æ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´ø ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ij½¬ ¸®º£ÀÌÆ®, ÅõÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼±Ý Å©·¹µ÷, ù ÁÖÅñ¸ÀÔÀÚ ¼¼±ÝÇýÅà ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µµ ¸ðµÎ »ç¶óÁø »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù.

Third, one cannot rule out a W or L-shaped double-dip recession in some advanced economies: US, eurozone PIIGS (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain) and Japan.

¼Â°, ¹Ì±¹°ú À¯·ÎÁ¸ÀÇ PIIGS (Æ÷Æ©°É, ÀÌŸ®, ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå, ±×¸®½º, ½ºÆÐÀÎ), ±×¸®°í ÀϺ»°ú °°Àº ¼±Áö±¹µéÀº W ¶Ç´Â L-ÀÚÇü, ±×¸®°í ´õºíµö ħüµµ ¹èÁ¦ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »óȲ¿¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ´Ù.

In the US, growth will reach a stall speed of 1% or lower in H2, while housing double dips and home prices fall, unemployment rises towards 10% and credit remains tight. This slowdown is not priced-in by the market, but when it comes, stock prices could correct, credit spreads widen, volatility increase and risk aversion spike – thereby tipping the real economy into a double-dip recession.

¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÈĹݱ⠼ºÀåÀ²Àº 1%ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ±×Ä¥°ÍÀ̸ç ÁÖÅýÃÀåÀº ´õºíµöÀ¸·Î °¡°ÝÀÌ ¶³¾îÁö°í, ½Ç¾÷·üÀº 10%´ë·Î Áõ°¡µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç ÀºÇà´ëÃâÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¾î·Á¿î »óȲÀÌ Àü°³µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¿Í°°Àº ÀúÁ¶ÇÔÀº ½ÃÀå¿¡ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·¯ÇÑ »óȲÀÌ ÇǺηΠ´À²¸Áö´Â ³¯ÀÌ ¿À¸é ÁֽĽÃÀåÀº Ç϶ôÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç ä±ÇÀÇ ¼öÀÍ·ü °£°Ýµµ Ä¿Áú °ÍÀ̸ç, µî¶ôÆøµµ Ä¿Áö¸é¼­ ÅõÀÚ°¡µéÀº À§ÇèÀÚ»êÀ» ÇÇÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù µû¶ó¼­ ½Ç¹°°æÁ¦´Â ´õºíµö ¸®¼¼¼ÇÀ¸·Î ²ª¾îÁ® µé¾î°£´Ù.

In the eurozone, GDP is contracting in Spain, Ireland and Greece, while barely growing in Italy and Portugal. The risk is of an L-shaped near-depression. Spring¡¯s trillion dollar eurozone bailout only kicked the can down the road: sovereign spreads in the PIIGS are now back to May levels. The bank stress tests turned out to be a fudge: rather than a E3.5 billion capital hole, Anglo Irish alone could face one of E40 billion, let alone other Irish, Spanish, Belgian and Greek banks and German Landesbanks.

À¯·ÎÁ¸ÀÇ °æ¿ì, ½ºÆÐÀÎ,ÀǾÆÀÏ·£µå, ±×¸®½ºÀÇ GDP´Â Ãà¼ÒÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌŸ®¿Í Æ÷¸£Æ©°ÉÀº ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ¼ºÀåÀ» ÁöÄѰ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. °øÈ²¿¡ °¡±î¿î L-ÀÚÇü À§ÇèÀÌ µµ»ç¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. 2010³â º½¿¡ ÅõÀԵǾú´ø 1Æ®¸±¸®¾ð ´Þ·¯ °æ±âºÎ¾ç ÀÚ±ÝÀº ±×Àú ±¸¸ÛÀÇ ¶«ÁúÁ¤µµ¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¸øÇß°í À§Çè ±¹Ã¤µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§Çè ÇÁ¸®¾öÀÌ ´Ù½Ã Áö³­ 5¿ù ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ¶Ù¾î ¿Ã¶ú´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ÀºÇà ½ºÆ®·¹½º Å×½ºÆ®µµ ±ØÇÑ »óȲÀ» ¸ð¸éÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Æ÷Àå¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¸øÇß°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á 35¾ï À¯·ÎÀÇ ÀûÀÚ¸¸ ´õ ³»°í ¸¸ »óȲÀÌ´Ù. ¾Þ±Û·Î ¾ÆÀ̸®½¬ ¿µ¿ª ÀÚü¸¸µµ 400¾ï À¯·ÎÀÇ ±¸¸ÛÀÌ ³µ´Âµ¥ ¾ÆÀ̸®½¬, ½ºÆÐÀÎ, º§±â¿¡, ±×¸®½º, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ·£µ¥½ºÀºÇàµéÀÇ Àڱݹ®Á¦µµ ¹«½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »óȲÀÌ´Ù.

The fundamental problems of the PIIGS remain unresolved: large public debt and deficits, sizeable current account deficits which imply high foreign liabilities in the private sector; a loss of competitiveness; near-depression; and the risk of deflation.

PIIGS ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÇØ°áµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ °øÀû ºÎä¿Í ¿¹»êÀûÀÚ, ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ °æ»óÀûÀÚµéÀº ±â¾÷µéÀÌ ¿Ü±¹¿¡ Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ºÎäÀÇ ¼öÁØÀÌ ³ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ °æÀï·Â »ó½Ç, °øÈ²¿¡ °¡±î¿î °æ±â ħü, ±×¸®°í ¹°°¡Ç϶ôÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ µµ»ç¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Japan, meanwhile, is in long-term economic coma, consisting of: low potential and actual growth; public debt close to 200% of GDP; poor demographic trends which impair growth and long-term fiscal liabilities; weak and unstable governments incapable of structural reforms; inefficient non-traded and service sectors; almost entrenched deflation; and, an overvalued currency that weakens competitiveness.

ÀϺ»Àº Àå±âÀû °æÁ¦ È¥¼ö»óÅ¿¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ´Ù. ¼ºÀåÀÇ ÀáÀç·Â°ú ½ÇÁúÀû ¼ºÀåÀÌ ¸ðµÎ ºó¾àÇϰí, °øÀûºÎä´Â GDPÀÇ µÎ¹è¿¡ °¡±î¿ì¸ç, Àα¸ÀÇ ³ë·ÉÈ­¿Í ³·Àº Ãâ»êÀº °æÁ¦¼ºÀå°ú Àå±âÀû ±¹°¡¿¹»ê¿¡ ºÎ´ãÀ» ÁÖ´Â Ãß¼¼¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾àÇÏ°í ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ Á¤ºÎ´Â ±¸Á¶ÀûÀÎ °³ÇõÀ» ´ÜÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» »ó½ÇÇß°í, ¼­ºñ½º¿Í ºñ°Å·¡¼º »ê¾÷Àº ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀ̸ç, °íÁúÀûÀÎ µðÇ÷¹À̼Ç, °¡Ä¡°¡ ³Ê¹« ³ô¾ÆÁ®¹ö¸° ¿£È­´Â ´ë¿Ü °æÀï·ÂÀ» ¾àÈ­½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù.

Fourth, advanced economies are running out of policy bullets. In 2009 when the global economy was in free fall, all policy options were available: pushing policy rates to 0% and sharply increasing base money through quantitative easing (QE); running fiscal deficits of 10% of GDP in most advanced economies; backstopping, ring-fencing and bailing out financial institutions. But today, if growth sharply disappoints – let alone double-dips – fiscal deficits cannot be sharply increased, as bond vigilantes are waking up and most advanced economies are in fiscal austerity mode, including the US where a fiscal drag is incipient.

³Ý°, ¼±Áø±¹µéÀº Á¤Ã¥Àû ¹«±â¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ¼Ò¸ðÇØ ¹ö¸° »óÅ´Ù. 2009³â¿¡ ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç Á¤Ã¥Àû¹«±â¿Í ¿É¼ÇµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±Ý¸®¸¦ Á¦·Î ¼öÁرîÁö ³·Ãâ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, QE¸¦ ÅëÇØ µ·À» Âï¾î³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, GDP ´ëºñ 10%±îÁö ÀûÀÚ¸¦ ³»¸é¼­ °æ±âºÎ¾çÃ¥À» ¾µ ¼öµµ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¹«³ÊÁ®³»¸®´Â ±ÝÀ¶±â°üµéÀ» ±¸Á¦ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹«±âµµ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »óȲÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿À´Ã³¯, ´õºíµöÀ» ¿°·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Á¤µµÀÇ ½Ç¸Á°¨ÀÌ µµ´Â ÀÌ »óȲ±îÁö ¿À¸é¼­ ÀûÀÚ ¿¹»ê¿¡ Á¦µ¿ÀÌ °É¸®°í ÀÖ°í, ºúÀ» ³»´Â °Íµµ ¾î·Á¿ö Á³À¸¸ç ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼±Áø±¹µéÀÌ ¿¹»ê ±äÃà ¸ðµå·Î Á¢¾îµé¾ú´Ù.

Central banks will do more QE, but this ¡°QE2¡± will be ineffective: US banks are sitting on $1 trillion of excess reserves earning near 0% and not lending: why, then, would they lend the second trillion, after QE2? Monetary policy is becoming impotent and so cannot deal with private debt and solvency problems that constrain credit creation. States¡¯ ability to bail out the financial system – if another downturn occurs – is limited. Banks too big to fail are also too big to be saved or bailed out because fiscally stressed sovereigns – especially in the eurozone – do not have the resources.

°¢±¹ÀÇ Áß¾ÓÀºÇàµéÀº Ãß°¡·Î ¾çÀûÅëÈ­¿ÏÈ­ (QE) Á¤Ã¥À» ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̹ø QE2µéÀº È¿°ú¸¦ º¸Áö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀºÇàµéÀº 1 Æ®¸±¸®¾ð ´Þ·¯¶ó´Â ¾öû³­ ¾×¼öÀÇ ÇöÂûÀ» ±ò°í ¾É¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­ 0%¿¡ °¡±î¿î ÀÌÀÚ¸¦ ¹ÞÀ¸¸é¼­µµ ´ëÃâÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ 2Â÷ QE°¡ ½Ç½ÃµÈ´Ù°í ÇØ¼­ ±×µéÀÌ ¿Ö ´ëÃâÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀΰ¡? ÇÁ¶óÀ̺ø ºÎä¿Í ÁöºÒ´É·Â¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇØ ÁÖ¾î ½Å¿ëÀ» Ȱ¼ºÈ­½Ãų·Á´Â ÅëÈ­Á¤Ã¥Àº ´õÀÌ»ó È¿·ÂÀ» ÀÒ°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ±ÝÀ¶À§±â°¡ ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã ã¾Æ¿Â´Ù¸é ÀÌÁ¦ Á¤ºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀ» ±¸Á¦ÇØÁÙ ´É·ÂÀ» °®ÃßÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÕÀ¸·Î´Â ´ë¸¶ºÒ»ç ÀºÇàµéÀÌ ´ë¸¶ºÒ±¸Á¦ ÀºÇàµé·Î º¯ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ÀçÁ¤ÀÌ ³Ê¹« ¼â¾àÇØÁ®Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ À¯·ÎÁ¸±¹°¡µéÀº ´õÀÌ»ó ÀÚ¿øÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.

In short, we are running out of policy bullets to prevent another downturn, should it materialize.

°£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ À§±â°¡ Çö½ÇÈ­µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤Ã¥Àû ¹«±â°¡ ¶³¾îÁ® °¡°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Fifth, no economy is an island. Full decoupling cannot occur in emerging market economies. Protracted economic weakness in G3 economies will be transmitted to emerging markets via trade, capital flows, commodities and currencies channels as well as through heightened risk aversion which will lead to falls in risky assets globally. China and other Asian nations that rely on export-led growth and have low (high) consumption (savings) rates will, give G3 weakness, face higher downside risks to growth compared to those that depend more on domestic demand (India, Indonesia, Brazil, Turkey).

´Ù¼¸Â°, ¾î´À±¹°¡ÀÇ °æÁ¦µµ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ½ÅÈï°æÁ¦±¹µéµµ À§±â¿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. G3ÀÇ °æÁ¦¾àÈ­°¡ Àå±âÈ­µÇ¸é ±× ¿©ÆÄ´Â ½ÅÈï°æÁ¦±¹µé¿¡°Ôµµ ¹ÌÄ¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¹«¿ª, ÀÚ±ÝÀ¯Åë, ¿øÀÚÀç, ±×¸®°í ¿Üȯ°Å·¡µîÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ±×·¸´Ù. ¼±Áø±¹µéÀÌ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ À§ÇèÀÚ»êÀÇ Å»ÇǼºÀº ±Û·Î¹ú ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ÆÛÁ®°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀúÃà·üÀÌ ³ô°í ³»¼öº¸´Ù ¼öÃâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇÁ¸µµ°¡ ³ôÀº Áß±¹°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡µéÀº G3ÀÇ ¾à¼¼°¡ ÁÖ´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ³»¼ö°¡ °­ÇÑ ±¹°¡µé (Àεð¾Æ, Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ, ºê¶óÁú, ÅÍŰ) º¸´Ù ¸¹ÀÌ ¹Þ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

In light of these risks, financial market volatility will remain high. Investors should remain risk averse as downside risks to equities and risk assets are greater than upside risks: better to preserve capital given the rising risks of tail events in the real economies and financial markets.

À§Çè¿¡ À־´Â, ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀåÀÇ ³ôÀº ÆÄÀå À§Çèµµ°¡ ÁÙ¾îµéÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÅõÀÚ°¡µéÀº À§ÇèÀڻ꿡 ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¸¦ Á¶½ÉÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Áֽİú À§ÇèÀÚ»êµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç϶ôÀ§ÇèÀÌ »ó½ÂÀ§Ç躸´Ù Å©±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×ó·³ ½Ç¹°°æÁ¦¿Í ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀå¿¡ ±ò·ÁÀÖ´Â ¸®½ºÅ© ȯ°æ¿¡ À¯¸®ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­´Â À§ÇèÀڻ꿡 ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚº¸´Ù´Â Çö±ÝÀ» Áã°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯¸®ÇÏ´Ù.


Nouriel Roubini is chairman of Roubini Global Economics (www.roubini.com), professor at New York University and co-author of Crisis Economics

¿ø¹®º¸±â: http://www.emergingmarkets.org/Article/2690723/Comment-and-Opinion/GLOBAL-ECONOMY-Short-on-options.html

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