The Eurozone¡¯s Autumn
Hangover
"À¯·ÎÁ¸ ¹«³ÊÁú ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù"
Nouriel Roubini
2010.09.15
¹ø¿ª: °æÁ¦´åÄÄ
Å丶½º¹Ú
NEW
YORK – After a summer of Europeans forgetting
their woes and tanning themselves at the beach,
the time for a reality check has come. For the
fundamental problems of the eurozone remain
unresolved.
¿©¸§ÀÇ ¾Ç¸ùÀ» ¾î´À»õ Àؾî¹ö¸®°í ÇØº¯¿¡¼
¼±ÅÄÀ» Áñ±â°í ÀÖ´Â À¯·´Àε鿡°Ô Çö½ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹®µæ ã¾Æ¿Ô´Ù. À¯·ÎÁ¸ÀÇ ±Ùº»Àû
¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ¹Ì°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
First, a
trillion-dollar bailout package in May prevented
an immediate default by Greece and a break-up of
the eurozone. But now sovereign spreads in the
peripheral eurozone countries have returned to
the levels seen at the peak of the crisis in
May.
ù°, Áö³ 5¿ù¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø 1 Æ®¸±¸®¾ð
´Þ·¯ ±¸Á¦¾ÈÀº ±×¸®½º°¡ 乫ºÒÀÌÇàÀÇ ±ÞÇÑ ºÒÀ» ²ô°ÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á À¯·ÎÁ¸ÀÇ ¿ÍÇØ¸¦ ¹æÁöÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ°Ô Çß¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌÁ¦ ´Ù½Ã ¸â¹ö ±¹Ã¤µé°£ÀÇ ¸®½ºÅ© ½ºÇÁ·¹µå (ÇØ¼³: °¢ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ
±¹Ã¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼öÀÍÀÌÀÚÀ²ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ)°¡ Áö³ 5¿ùÀÇ »çŶ§¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡µÇ´Â
»óȲÀ¸·Î ¾ÇȵǾú´Ù.
Second, a fudged set
of financial ¡°stress tests¡± sought to persuade
markets that European banks¡¯ needed only ¢æ3.5
billion in fresh capital. But now Anglo-Irish
alone may have a capital hole as high as ¢æ70
billion, raising serious concerns about the true
health of other Irish, Spanish, Greek, and
German banks.
µÑ°, Àӽú¯Åë½ÄÀÇ ½ºÆ®·¹½º Å×½ºÆ®·Î
À¯·ÎÀºÇàµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ±Ý À¯ÀÔ¾×ÀÌ 3.5 ºô¸®¾ð À¯·ÎÁ¤µµ¸é µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í
ÀڱݽÃÀåÀ» ¼³µæÇß¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Áö±ÝÀº ¾Þ±Û·Î ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå ÀºÇàµé ÀÚü·Î¸¸ 70 ºô¸®¾ð
À¯·Î°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â ¼Ó»çÁ¤ÀÌ µå·¯³ª°í ÀÖ¾î ¿ì·Á´Â ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå, ½ºÆÐÀÎ, ±×¸®½º,
±×¸®°í µ¶ÀÏÀºÇàµé¿¡±îÁö È®»êµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Finally, a temporary
acceleration of growth in the eurozone in the
second quarter boosted financial markets and the
euro, but it is now clear that the improvement
was transitory. All of the eurozone¡¯s peripheral
countries¡¯ GDP is still either contracting
(Spain, Ireland, and Greece) or barely growing
(Italy and Portugal).
³¡À¸·Î, À¯·ÎÁ¸ÀÌ Áö³ 2»çºÐ±â¿¡ º¸¿´´ø
°¡¼Ó¼º ¼ºÀåÀº ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀå°ú À¯·Î¸¦ °¼¼·Î µÇµ¹¸± ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±×¿Í°°Àº ÁøÀüÀÌ
ÀϽÃÀûÀ̾úÀ½ÀÌ ¸íÈ®ÇØÁ³´Ù. À¯·ÎÁ¸ ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¸ðµç ±¹°¡µéÀÇ GDP´Â Ãà¼ÒµÇ°í Àְųª
(½ºÆÐÀÎ, ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå, ±×¸®½º) ¸Å¿ì ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ ÆøÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ» º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Ù (ÀÌŸ®,
ÆúÆ©°É).
Even Germany¡¯s
temporary success is riddled with caveats.
During the 2008-2009 financial crisis, GDP fell
much more in Germany – because of its dependence
on collapsing global trade – than in the United
States. A transitory rebound from such a hard
fall is not surprising, and German output
remains below pre-crisis levels.
µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÀáÁ¤Àû ¹ø¿µµµ ÁÖÀǰæ°í·Î °¡µæÂ÷
ÀÖ´Ù. ±ÝÀ¶À§±â°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø 2008-2009³â »çÀÌ¿¡ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ GDP´Â ¹Ì±¹º¸´Ù ÈξÀ
Å«ÆøÀ¸·Î ¶³¾îÁ³¾ú´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀº ¼öÃâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇÁ¸µµ°¡ ÄÆ¾ú°í ±¹Á¦¹«¿ªÀÌ ¹«³ÊÁ³¾ú±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô °©ÀÛ½º·´°í Å« Ç϶ô¿¡¼ ÀϽÃÀû ¹ÝµîÀº ±×·¸°Ô »õ»ï½º·¯¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú°í
ÃÑ »ý»ê¾×¼öµµ À§±âÀüÀÇ ¼öÁØÀ» ¹Øµµ´Âµ¥ ±×ÃÆ´Ù.
Moreover, all the
factors that will lead to a slowdown of growth
in most advanced economies in the second half of
2010 and 2011 are at work in Germany and the
rest of the eurozone. Fiscal stimulus is turning
into fiscal austerity and a drag on growth. The
inventory adjustment that drove most of the GDP
growth for a few quarters is complete, and tax
policies that stole demand from the future
(¡°cash for clunkers¡± all over Europe, etc.) have
expired.
´õºÒ¾î, 2010³â ÇϹݱâ¿Í 2011³â
¼±Áø±¹µéÀÇ Àú¼ºÀåÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº µ¶ÀÏÀ» ºñ·ÔÇØ À¯·Î±¹°¡µé¿¡°Ô ¾Ç¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
°æ±âºÎ¾çÁ¤Ã¥ÀÌ ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±äÃàÁ¤Ã¥À¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀüȯÀº ¼ºÀåÀ» ´õµð°Ô ¸¸µé°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Áö³ ¸îºÐ±âµ¿¾È °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀÇ ÁÖµ¿ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´ø Àç°íÁõ°¡µµ ¿Ï·áµÇ¾ú°í ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¼ö¿ä¸¦ Áö±ÝÀ¸·Î
Àâ¾Æ ´ç°å´ø ¼¼±Ý ȯºÒÁ¤Ã¥µµ ÀÌÁ¦´Â Áö³ª°¬´Ù.
The
slowdown of global growth – and actual
double-dip recession risks in the US and Japan –
will invariably impede export growth, even in
Germany. Indeed, the latest data from Germany –
declining exports, falling factory orders,
anemic industrial-production growth, and a slide
in investors¡¯ confidence – suggest that the
slowdown has started.
¹Ì±¹°ú ÀϺ»¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Çö½ÇÀû ´õºíµö
À§Çè°ú ±Û·Î¹ú Àú¼ºÀåÀº µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¼öÃ⸶Àú ÀúÇϽÃŰ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ÀÚ·á¿¡¼ ÀÐÀ» ¼ö
ÀÖµíÀÌ, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¼öÃâÀúÇÏ, °øÀåÁÖ¹®ÀÇ Ãà¼Ò, ¹Ì¼¼ÇÑ »ê¾÷»ý»ê Áõ°¡À², ±×¸®°í ÅõÀÚ°¡µéÀÇ
½Å·ÚÀúÇÏ Çö»óµéÀº µÐÈÀÇ Àç½ÃÀÛÀ» ¿¹°íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
In the periphery,
the trillion-dollar bailout package and the
non-stressful ¡°stress tests¡± kicked the can down
the road, but the fundamental problems remain:
large budget deficits and stocks of public debt
that will be hard to reduce sufficiently, given
weak governments and public backlash against
fiscal austerity and structural reforms; large
current-account deficits and private-sector
foreign liabilities that will be hard to
rollover and service; loss of competitiveness
(driven by a decade-long loss of market share in
labor-intensive exports to emerging markets,
rising unit labor costs, and the strength of the
euro until 2008); low potential and actual
growth; and massive risks to banks and financial
institutions (with the exception of Italy).
ÁÖº¯±¹µéÀÇ °æ¿ì, Æ®¸±¸®¾ð ´Þ·¯
±ÝÀ¶±¸Á¦Á¤Ã¥°ú ½ºÆ®·¹½º¾ø´Â ½ºÆ®·¹½º Å×½ºÆ®µéÀº »ç½Ç»ó ¹®Á¦ÇذáÀ» µÞÀüÀ¸·Î ¹Ì·ç´Â ½Ä¹Û¿¡
µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦´Â ±×´ë·Î ³²°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±¹¹ÎµéÀÌ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ±äÃà°ú
±¸Á¶°³ÇõÀÇ ¾Ð·Â¿¡ ´¸° ¹«·ÂÇÑ Á¤ºÎµéÀº ´ëÇü Á¤ºÎ¿¹»ê ÀûÀÚ¿Í °øÀûºÎ並 ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÁÙÀ̴µ¥
¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í °Å´ëÇÑ ¹«¿ªÀûÀÚ¿Í ¿Ü±¹¿¡ Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ±â¾÷µéÀÇ ºÎä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
»óȯ¿¬Àå°ú ÆäÀÌ¸ÕÆ®°¡ ¾î·Á¿öÁö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Áö³ 10¿©³âµ¿¾È ³ëµ¿Áý¾à¼öÃâºÐ¾ß´Â
°æÀï·ÂÀ» ÀÒ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í Àӱݻó½Â°ú 2008³âÀÇ À¯·Î°¼¼µéÀÌ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ °æÀï·Â »ó½Ç ¶ÇÇÑ ¹®Á¦
ÇØ°áÀÇ ³Ç×ÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
This is why Greece
is insolvent and a coercive restructuring of its
public debt is inevitable. It is why Spain and
Ireland are in serious trouble, and why even
Italy – which is on relatively sounder fiscal
footing, but has had flat per capita
income for a decade and little structural reform
– cannot be complacent.
À§¿Í°°Àº ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î ÀÎÇØ ±×¸®½º°¡ Áö±ÞºÒ´É
»óÅ·Π¸ô¸° °ÍÀÌ°í ±×·ÎÀÎÇÏ¿© °øÀûºÎäÀÇ ±¸Á¶Á¶Á¤ÀÌ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÌ µÇ¾î ¹ö¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼
½ºÆäÀΰú ¾ÆÀÏ·£µåÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ½É°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀ̰í ÀÌŸ®¸¶Àú À§ÇùÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ºñ±³Àû
ÀçÁ¤Àû ¾ÈÁ¤À» ´©¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÀÌŸ®¸¶Àú 10³âµ¿¾È °³ÀμҵæÀÌ ¼ºÀåÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´ø ÀÌÀ¯°¡
¹Ù·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦Á¡µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾úÀ¸¸ç ¸¶À½À» ³õ¾Æ¼´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â Áö°æ¿¡ ºüÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
As fiscal austerity
means more recessionary and deflationary
pressures in the short run, one would need more
monetary stimulus to compensate and more
domestic demand growth – via delayed fiscal
austerity – in Germany. But the two biggest
policy players in the eurozone – the European
Central Bank and the German government – want no
part of that agenda, hoping that a quarter of
good GDP data makes a trend.
¿¹»êÃà¼Ò´Â ´Ü±âÀû °æ±âħü¿Í µðÇ÷¹À̼Ç
¾Ð·ÂÀ» °¡Á®¿À°Ô µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ µ¶ÀÏÀº ÅëÈ¿ÏÈ·Î °æ±â¸¦ ºÎ¾çÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ°í ±äÃàÀ» ÃÖ´ëÇÑ
¿¬±âÇÏ¿© ±¹³»¼ö¿ä¸¦ ºÎÃà¿©¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À¯·ÎÁ¸ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À» ¿òÁ÷À̰í ÀÖ´Â
À¯·´Áß¾ÓÀºÇà°ú µ¶ÀÏÁ¤ºÎ´Â ±×¿Í°°Àº °æÁ¦Á¤Ã¥¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÁÁÀº
GDP µ¥ÀÌŸ Çϳª·Î °æÁ¦Ãß¼¼°¡ ¹Ù²î¾î ÁÖ±æ ¹Ù¶ó°í ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
The rest of the
eurozone is in barely better shape than the
periphery: the bond vigilantes may not have
woken up in France, but economic performance
there has been anemic at best – driven mostly by
a mini housing boom. Unemployment is above 9%,
the budget deficit is 8% of GDP (larger than
Italy), and public debt is rising sharply.
Nicolas Sarkozy came to power with lots of talk
of structural reforms; he is now weakened even
within his own party and lost regional elections
to the left (the only case in Europe of a shift
to the left in recent elections). Given that he
will face a serious challenge from the Socialist
Party candidate – most likely the formidable
Dominique Strauss-Kahn – in the 2012
presidential election, Sarkozy is likely to
postpone serious fiscal austerity and launch
only cosmetic structural reforms.
ÀÛÀº À¯·Î±¹°¡µé ¿ÜÀÇ »óȲµµ ±×º¸´Ù Å©°Ô
³ªÀ» °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ä±ÇÅ×·¯¹üµéÀº ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ´«À» ¶ßÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¼ ±×·± °ÍÀε¥
ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ °æÁ¦µµ ÀߺÁÁ༠Çã¾àÇÏ´Ù°í Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÛÀº ÁÖÅúÕÀÌ ±×³ª¸¶ ¹ÞÃçÁÖ¾ú±â
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ½Ç¾÷·üÀº 9%¸¦ ³Ñ¾ú°í, ¿¹»êÀûÀÚ´Â ÀÌŸ®º¸´Ù Å« ºñÀ²ÀÎ GDP ´ëºñ
8%, ±×¸®°í °øÀûºÎäµµ ºü¸£°Ô Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÏÄÝ¶ó½º ½ÒÄÚÁö´Â °³ÇõÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®·Î
Áý±ÇÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ Áö±ÝÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´ç¿¡¼ ¸¶Àú ÈûÀ» ÀÒÀº »óȲÀ̰í Áö¿ª¼±°Å¿¡¼´Â
ÁÂÆÄ¿¡ ÆÐ¹èÇÏ°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù À¯·´¿¡¼ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÁÂÆÄÀÇ ½Â¸®¿´´Ù.
»çȸ´çÀÎ ´Ù¹Ì´Ð ½ºÆ®¶ó¿ì½º-İú °°ÀÌ ¸·°ÇÑ È帷ΠºÎÅÍ ´ë¼± µµÀüÀ» ¸ÂÀÌÇØ¾ß ÇÒ
»óȲ¿¡¼ ½ÒÄÚÁö´Â ÀǹÌÀÖ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð ¿¹»ê±äÃàÀ» ÇÇÇϰí Çü½ÄÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶°³ÇõÀ¸·Î °íºñ¸¦ ³Ñ±â·Á
ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.
Belgian Prime
Minister Yves Leterme, as current holder of the
rotating EU presidency, now speaks of greater
European policy unity and coordination. But
Leterme seems unable to keep his own country
together, let alone unite Europe. Even Angela
Merkel – in growing Germany – has been weakened
within her own coalition. Other eurozone leaders
face stiff political opposition: Silvio
Berlusconi in Italy, whom one hopes may soon be
booted out of power; José Luis Rodríguez
Zapatero in Spain; George Papandreou in Greece.
And politics is becoming nationalistic and
nativist in many parts of Europe, reflected in
an anti-immigrant backlash; raids against the
Roma; Islamophobia; and the rise of extreme
right-wing parties.
º§±â¿¡ ¼ö»óÀÎ À̺꽺 ·¹Å͸޴ ÇöÀçÀÇ
À¯·ÎÇÇ¾È À¯´Ï¾ð ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» ¸Ã°Ô µÉ Â÷·Ê´Ù. ±×´Â ´õ Å« À¯·ÎÇǾÈÀÇ Á¤Ã¥Á¤ ´Ü°á°ú Çù·ÂÀ»
È£¼ÒÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×´Â À¯·´Àº Ä¿³ç Àڱ⠳ª¶ó¸¶Àúµµ ¾ÈÁ¤½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÇ
¾ÈÁ©¶ó ¸ÖÄÌÀº °æÁ¦°¡ ¼ºÀå¼¼¸¦ º¸À̰í ÀÖ´Â ¸¶´ç¿¡µµ Á¤Ä¡·ÂÀÌ ¾àȵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥
À¯·ÎÁ¸ ¸®´õµéµµ °ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû µµÀüÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌŸ®ÀÇ ½Çºñ¿À ¹ú·ç½ºÄÚ´Ï´Â Á¶¸¸°£
ÃàÃâµÉ °Í °°°í, ½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ È£¼¼ À򮀦¼·Î, ±×¸®½ºÀÇ Á¶Áö ÆÄÆÇµå·¹¿ìµîÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù. ±×¸®°í
¸¹Àº À¯·´Áö¿ªÀÇ Á¤Ä¡È帧Àº °¥¼ö·Ï ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌ µÇ¾î°¡°í ±×·ÎÀÎÇÑ ¹Ý¹ßÀû Çö»óÀº
¹ÝÀ̹ÎÁ¤¼·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ±â½À, ¹Ý À̽½¶÷ Á¤¼, ±×¸®°í ±Ø¿ìÆÄµéÀÇ ºÎȰµîµµ
±×·¸´Ù.
So a eurozone that
needs fiscal austerity, structural reforms, and
appropriate macroeconomic and financial policies
is weakened politically at both the EU and
national levels. That is why my best-case
scenario is that the eurozone somehow muddles
through in the next few years; at worst (and
with a probability of more than one-third), the
eurozone will break up, owing to a combination
of sovereign debt restructurings and exits by
some weaker economies.
°á±¹, ¿¹»ê±äÃà, ±¸Á¶Àû °³Çõ, °æÁ¦Àû
ÀçÁ¤Àû ºÎ¾çÁ¤Ã¥µîÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â À¯·ÎÁ¸Àº EU¿Í °¢±¹³» ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾àÇØÁ®
ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î ÀÎÇØ ³ª´Â À¯·ÎÁ¸ÀÌ ÀßÇØºÁ¾ß Çö»óÀ¯Áö³ª ÇØ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̰í
À߸øµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿£ (3ºÐÀÇ 1 ÀÌ»óÀÇ È®·ü·Î) ±¹°¡Àû ºÎä ÀçÁ¶Á¤°ú ¾à¼¼¿¡ ³õÀÎ
°æÁ¦±¹µéÀÇ Å»Åð¶ó´Â º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿©
À¯·ÎÁ¸Àº ¹«³ÊÁú¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¶ó°í º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Nouriel
Roubini is Chairman of Roubini Global Economics,
Professor of Economics at the Stern School of
Business, New York University, and co-author of
the book Crisis Economics.
¿À¸®Áö³Î ¿µ¹® ±â»ç -
http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/roubini29/English

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