Housing is a bad investment
ÁÖÅÃÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÅõÀÚ°¡ ¸øµÇ´Â ÀÌÀ¯
By James Kwak
August 23, 2010 at 10:04 am
¡¡
¡°Housing
Fades as a Means to Build Wealth, Analysts Say.¡±
That¡¯s the title of a
New York Times article by David
Streitfeld. Here¡¯s most of the lead:
¡°ÁÖÅÃÀº
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ÁٰŸ®´Â
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¡°Many real estate experts now
believe that home ownership will never again
yield rewards like those enjoyed in the second
half of the 20th century, when houses not only
provided shelter but also a plump nest egg.
¡°´Ù¼öÀÇ
ºÎµ¿»ê Àü¹®ÀεéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ Áö³
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Àý¹Ýµ¿¾È °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÁÖÅÃÅõÀÚÀÇ Àç¹Ì¸¦ ¸Àº¼ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.
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ÁÖÅÃÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º¸±ÝÀÚ¸®»Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ËÀ» °è¼Ó ³º¾ÆÁÖ´Â µÕÁö°¡ µÇ¾î
ÁÖ¾î¿Ô¾ú´Ù.
¡°The wealth generated by housing
in those decades, particularly on the coasts,
did more than assure the owners a comfortable
retirement. It powered the economy, paying for
the education of children and grandchildren,
keeping the cruise ships and golf courses full
and the restaurants humming.
ƯÈ÷
ÇØ¾ÈÁö¿ªÀÇ ÁÖÅõéÀÌ °¡Á®´Ù ÁØ Àç»êÀº Ȩ¿À³ÊµéÀÇ ÀºÅ𸦠º¸ÀåÇØ ÁÖ´Â °Í ÀÌ»óÀ̾ú´Ù.
±×°ÍÀº
°æÁ¦À» À̲ô´Â ÈûÀ̾ú°í,
ÀÚ³à¿Í
¼Õ³à ¼ÕÀÚµéÀÇ ±³À°ºñ¸¦ Ãæ´çÇØ ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç À¯¶÷¼±°ú °ñÇÁÀåÀ» ºÕºñ°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ½Ä´ç
ÁÖÀεéÀ» ±â»Ú°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
¡°More than likely, that era is
gone for good.¡±
¡°¿¹ÄÁ´ë,
±× ½Ã´ë´Â
ÀÌÁ¦ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ Áö³ª°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù.¡±
I¡¯ve been telling my friends for
a decade that housing is a bad investment. These
are real housing prices over the past century,
based on data collected by
Robert Shiller:
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Ä£±¸µé¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇؿԵíÀÌ ÁÖÅÃÀº ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº ÅõÀÚ´Ù.
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Â÷Æ®´Â ·Î¹öÆ® ½¯·¯°¡ ¼öÁýÇÑ Áö³
100¿©³âµ¿¾ÈÀÇ
½ÇÁúÀû ÁÖÅð¡°ÝÀ» ±×¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡¡

Housing is generally a worse
investment than either stocks or simple U.S.
Treasury bonds. Then why do so many people think
it¡¯s such a great investment?
ÁÖÅÃÀº
ÁÖ½ÄÀ̳ª º¸Åë ¿¬¹æÃ¤º¸´Ù ³ª»Û ÅõÀÚ´ë»óÀÌ´Ù.
±×·±µ¥ ¿Ö
¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁÀº ÅõÀÚ¶ó°í »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀϱî?
-
Leverage. Let¡¯s say inflation is 2% and
housing returns 3% (1% real return). If you
put 10% down, now your house is returning
30%, or a 28% real return; subtract a 6%
fixed-rate mortgage, and you¡¯re making about
22%–or twenty-two times the real return of
the underlying asset. Of course, we all know
the dangers of leverage.
·¹¹ö¸®Áö:
¹°°¡»ó½Â·üÀÌ
2%À̰í
Áý°ª »ó½ÂÀÌ
3% (1%
½ÇÁúÀÌÀÍ)À̶ó°í
°¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ.
10%¸¦
´Ù¿îÆäÀÌÇϰí ÁýÀ» »ò´Ù¸é ÅõÀÚ¼öÀÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦
30%, (28%
½ÇÁúÀÌÀÍ)ÀÌ
µÈ´Ù.
6%
°íÁ¤ ¸ô±âÁö ÀÌÀÚÀ²À» »©°í ³ª¸é ¼öÀÍ·üÀº
22% (Áý°ªÀÇ
»ó½Â·ü¿¡ ºñÇØ
22¹è)°¡
µÈ´Ù.
¹°·Ð ºúÀ» ³»¼ ÁýÀ» »òÀ» ¶§ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ¿ì¸®´Â Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¡¡
-
Price illusion. People remember the nominal
price they paid for their houses. When they
sell them thirty years later, they look at
the difference between the nominal purchase
and sale prices and think they made a ton of
money. This is especially true of the
generation that bought houses in the 1960s
and early 1970s before inflation hit; they
saw their home prices go up by a factor of
ten and thought it was due to high real
returns.
°¡°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯»ó:
»ç¶÷µéÀº ÁÖ·Î ÁýÀ» »ì¶§ ÁöºÒÇÑ °¡°Ý¸¸ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
30³âÈÄ¿¡
ÁýÀ» ÆÈÀ»¶§´Â ÆÄ´Â °¡°Ý°ú »òÀ» ¶§ÀÇ °¡°ÝÂ÷À̸¸ »ý°¢Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Å« µ·À» ¹ø
°ÍÀ¸·Î ¾È´Ù.
ƯÈ÷ ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀÌ ¿À±â ÀüÀÇ ±â°£ÀÎ
1960´ë³ª
1970³â´ë
Ãʹݿ¡ ÁýÀ» »ò´ø »ç¶÷µéÀº ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ÆÈ¾ÒÀ» ¶§´Â Áý°ªÀÌ ¿¹è°¡·® ¿Ã¶ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡
¼öÀÍÀÌ ¾öû³µ´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿ÀÆÇÇÑ´Ù.
¡¡
-
Bubbles and optimism bias. Every now and
then we have a huge bubble like the one at
the right-hand end of the chart above. For a
while, people think that¡¯s the new normal.
For a while after that, they continue to
think it¡¯s the new normal, because they are
biased toward optimistic expectations about
the world. (Note that during the first half
of the decade that I was advising friends
that housing was a bad investment, housing
was actually a great investment, assuming
you could get out in time.)
°Åǰ°ú ³«°üÀÇ Æí°ß:
Á¾Á¾ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â À§ Â÷Æ®ÀÇ ¿À¸¥Æí¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº °Å´ëÇÑ °ÅǰÀÌ
ã¾Æ¿Â´Ù.
»ç¶÷µéÀº Çѵ¿¾È ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÅǰÇö»óÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î Âø°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ±× ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ÇÑÂüµ¿¾ÈÀ» ±×°ÍÀÌ º¸ÅëÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é¼ »ì°Ô µÈ´Ù.
¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÇ ³ú¸®¿£ ¼¼»óÀ» ÇâÇÑ ³«°üÀûÀÎ ±â´ëÄ¡°¡ ¹ÚÈ÷±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
(Âü°í:
2000³â´ë
»ó¹Ý±â¿¡ ³»°¡ ÁÖÅÃÀÌ ÁÁÁö¸øÇÑ ÅõÀÚ´ë»óÀ̶ó°í Ä£±¸µé¿¡°Ô Ãæ°íÇßÀ» ¶§,
ÁÖÅÃÀº »ç½Ç ÁÁÀº ÅõÀÚ¿´¾ú´Ù.
´Ù¸¸ ŸÀ̹ÖÀ» Àß ¸ÂÃç ºüÁ® ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ÀüÁ¦·Î ÇÑ´Ù¸é ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.)
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OK, so now we all know the real
story. Or do we? ¡°In an annual survey conducted
by the economists Robert J. Shiller and Karl E.
Case, hundreds of new owners in four communities
— Alameda County near San Francisco, Boston,
Orange County south of Los Angeles, and
Milwaukee — once again said they believed prices
would rise about 10 percent a year for the next
decade.¡± There¡¯s that optimism bias.
¿ÀÄÉÀÌ.
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¿ì¸®´Â ½ºÅ丮°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ³¡³ª´Â °ÍÀÎÁö ¸ðµÎ ¾È´Ù.
Á¤¸»
¾Æ´Â°Ô ¸ÂÁö?
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½Ç½ÃÇß¾ú´Ù
–
»÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ ÀαÙÀÇ ¾Ë¶ó¹Ì´Ù Ä«¿îƼ
(±º),
º¸½ºÅÏ,
³²°¡ÁÖÀÇ
¿À·»Áö Ä«¿îƼ,
±×¸®°í ¹Ð¿÷Ű Áö¿ªµî
–
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´Ù½Ã ÇâÈÄ
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³«°üÀû Æí°ßÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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But I don¡¯t think it¡¯s correct to
say that an era is over–an era when housing
appreciation was the key to the economy. The
chart above shows simply that that era never
existed; housing was flat for a long time, and
then there was a bubble. Instead, we had the
illusion of an era of housing appreciation,
produced mainly by leverage and price illusion.
For every homeowner who made a killing because
she got a fixed-rate mortgage in 1970, there was
a new family that couldn¡¯t afford a house in
1980 because interest rates were too high, or a
savings and loan that failed because it was
weighed down by those fixed-rate mortgages. That
whole phenomenon was just a transfer of wealth
within society.
ÇÏÁö¸¸
ÁÖÅýü¼ÀÇ »ó½ÂÀÌ °æÁ¦¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿¼è°¡ µÇ´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³µ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù°í
»ý°¢ÇÏÁö´Â ¸»±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù.
ˤ˂
Â÷Æ®´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã´ë°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÁÖÅýü¼´Â
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¸ô±âÁö ºú°ú °¡°ÝÀÇ È¯»óÀ¸·Î ¿Ã¶ú´ø ÁÖÅýü¼¸¦ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ²ÙÁØÈ÷ »ó½ÂÇß´ø °ÍÀ̶ó´Â
ȯ»ó¼Ó¿¡ ºüÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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One last caveat, however. When
¡°analysts say¡± one thing, they are usually
wrong. Remember back in 1999-2000, when most
analysts were saying that stocks were the best
investment for everyone, all the time? Generally
the best time to buy an asset class is when
conventional wisdom has shifted against it. So
while I still think housing is overpriced–and we
should slowly remove the props on that price,
like the mortgage interest tax deduction–maybe
in the long term it¡¯s not such a bad idea after
all.
Çϳª¸¸ ´õ
°æ°í¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
ºÐ¼®°¡µéÀÌ
¹«¾ð°¡¸¦ ¸»ÇÒ¶§ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº Ʋ¸° °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
Áö³
1999-2000³âÀ»
±â¾ïÇϴ°¡?
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ºÐ¼®°¡µéÀº ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ÁÖ½ÄÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ÅõÀÚ´ë»óÀ̶ó°í Çß¾ú´Ù.
ÁÖ·Î ¾î¶²
ÀÚ»êÀ» ¸ÅÀÔÇÒ ¶§´Â ÀÏ¹Ý Åë³äÀÌ ±× Àڻ꿡 ´ëÇØ¼ µîÀ» µ¹·ÈÀ» ¶§ »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.
³ª´Â
¾ÆÁ÷µµ Áý°ªÀÌ ºñ½Î´Ù°í º¸´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸ ¸ô±âÁö ÀÌÀÚ¸¦ ¼Òµæ¼¼¿¡¼ °øÁ¦ÇØ ÁÖ´Â
Á¤Ã¥°ú °°Àº ÁÖÅýü¼ ºÎ¾ç¼º ¹öÆÀ¸ñµéÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î ÁÖÅýü¼ °ÅǰÀÌ ºüÁø´Ù¸é ±×¶§´Â Áý¿¡
´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ »ý°¢ÀÌ ¹Ù²ð¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¹ø¿ª:
Å丶½º
¹Ú
(°æÁ¦´åÄÄ)
¿ø¹®:
http://baselinescenario.com/2010/08/23/housing-in-ten-words/
ÀúÀÚ:
James Kwak is
currently a student at the Yale Law School.
Previously, he was a management consultant at
McKinsey and Company and co-founder of a
successful software company. James received an
A.B. in Social Studies from Harvard College and
an M.A. and a Ph.D. in History from the
University of California, Berkeley. He is
coauthor, with Simon Johnson, of The
Baseline Scenario, a leading economic
blog.
¡¡
