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Housing is a bad investment
ÁÖÅÃÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÅõÀÚ°¡ ¸øµÇ´Â ÀÌÀ¯

 

By James Kwak
August 23, 2010 at 10:04 am
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¡°Housing Fades as a Means to Build Wealth, Analysts Say.¡± That¡¯s the title of a New York Times article by David Streitfeld. Here¡¯s most of the lead:
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ÁÖÅÃÀº ÀÌÁ¦ Àç»êÁõ½ÄÀÇ ¹æ¹ý¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜµÇ¾î°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡± µ¥À̺ø ½ºÆ®·¹ÀÕÆçµå°¡ ¾´ ´º¿åŸÀÓÁî Ä®·³ÀÇ Å¸ÀÌÆ²ÀÌ´Ù. ÁٰŸ®´Â ´ë·« ÀÌ·¸´Ù:

¡°Many real estate experts now believe that home ownership will never again yield rewards like those enjoyed in the second half of the 20th century, when houses not only provided shelter but also a plump nest egg.
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´Ù¼öÀÇ ºÎµ¿»ê Àü¹®ÀεéÀº ÀÌÁ¦ Áö³­ 20¼¼±â Àý¹Ýµ¿¾È °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÁÖÅÃÅõÀÚÀÇ Àç¹Ì¸¦ ¸Àº¼ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µ¿¾È ÁÖÅÃÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º¸±ÝÀÚ¸®»Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ËÀ» °è¼Ó ³º¾ÆÁÖ´Â µÕÁö°¡ µÇ¾î ÁÖ¾î¿Ô¾ú´Ù.

¡°The wealth generated by housing in those decades, particularly on the coasts, did more than assure the owners a comfortable retirement. It powered the economy, paying for the education of children and grandchildren, keeping the cruise ships and golf courses full and the restaurants humming.
ƯÈ÷ ÇØ¾ÈÁö¿ªÀÇ ÁÖÅõéÀÌ °¡Á®´Ù ÁØ Àç»êÀº Ȩ¿À³ÊµéÀÇ ÀºÅ𸦠º¸ÀåÇØ ÁÖ´Â °Í ÀÌ»óÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº °æÁ¦À» À̲ô´Â ÈûÀ̾ú°í, ÀÚ³à¿Í ¼Õ³à ¼ÕÀÚµéÀÇ ±³À°ºñ¸¦ Ãæ´çÇØ ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç À¯¶÷¼±°ú °ñÇÁÀåÀ» ºÕºñ°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ½Ä´ç ÁÖÀεéÀ» ±â»Ú°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

¡°More than likely, that era is gone for good.¡±
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¿¹ÄÁ´ë, ±× ½Ã´ë´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ Áö³ª°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù.¡±

I¡¯ve been telling my friends for a decade that housing is a bad investment. These are real housing prices over the past century, based on data collected by Robert Shiller:
±×µ¿¾È Ä£±¸µé¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇؿԵíÀÌ ÁÖÅÃÀº ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº ÅõÀÚ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ Â÷Æ®´Â ·Î¹öÆ® ½¯·¯°¡ ¼öÁýÇÑ Áö³­ 100¿©³âµ¿¾ÈÀÇ ½ÇÁúÀû ÁÖÅð¡°ÝÀ» ±×¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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Housing is generally a worse investment than either stocks or simple U.S. Treasury bonds. Then why do so many people think it¡¯s such a great investment?
ÁÖÅÃÀº ÁÖ½ÄÀ̳ª º¸Åë ¿¬¹æÃ¤º¸´Ù ³ª»Û ÅõÀÚ´ë»óÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¿Ö ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁÀº ÅõÀÚ¶ó°í »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀϱî?

  1. Leverage. Let¡¯s say inflation is 2% and housing returns 3% (1% real return). If you put 10% down, now your house is returning 30%, or a 28% real return; subtract a 6% fixed-rate mortgage, and you¡¯re making about 22%–or twenty-two times the real return of the underlying asset. Of course, we all know the dangers of leverage.
    ·¹¹ö¸®Áö: ¹°°¡»ó½Â·üÀÌ 2%À̰í Áý°ª »ó½ÂÀÌ 3% (1% ½ÇÁúÀÌÀÍ)À̶ó°í °¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. 10%¸¦ ´Ù¿îÆäÀÌÇϰí ÁýÀ» »ò´Ù¸é ÅõÀÚ¼öÀÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ 30%, (28% ½ÇÁúÀÌÀÍ)ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. 6% °íÁ¤ ¸ô±âÁö ÀÌÀÚÀ²À» »©°í ³ª¸é ¼öÀÍ·üÀº 22% (Áý°ªÀÇ »ó½Â·ü¿¡ ºñÇØ 22¹è)°¡ µÈ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ºúÀ» ³»¼­ ÁýÀ» »òÀ» ¶§ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» ¿ì¸®´Â Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
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  2. Price illusion. People remember the nominal price they paid for their houses. When they sell them thirty years later, they look at the difference between the nominal purchase and sale prices and think they made a ton of money. This is especially true of the generation that bought houses in the 1960s and early 1970s before inflation hit; they saw their home prices go up by a factor of ten and thought it was due to high real returns.
    °¡°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯»ó: »ç¶÷µéÀº ÁÖ·Î ÁýÀ» »ì¶§ ÁöºÒÇÑ °¡°Ý¸¸ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 30³âÈÄ¿¡ ÁýÀ» ÆÈÀ»¶§´Â ÆÄ´Â °¡°Ý°ú »òÀ» ¶§ÀÇ °¡°ÝÂ÷À̸¸ »ý°¢Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Å« µ·À» ¹ø °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾È´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀÌ ¿À±â ÀüÀÇ ±â°£ÀÎ 1960´ë³ª 1970³â´ë Ãʹݿ¡ ÁýÀ» »ò´ø »ç¶÷µéÀº ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ÆÈ¾ÒÀ» ¶§´Â Áý°ªÀÌ ¿­¹è°¡·® ¿Ã¶ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼öÀÍÀÌ ¾öû³µ´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿ÀÆÇÇÑ´Ù.
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  3. Bubbles and optimism bias. Every now and then we have a huge bubble like the one at the right-hand end of the chart above. For a while, people think that¡¯s the new normal. For a while after that, they continue to think it¡¯s the new normal, because they are biased toward optimistic expectations about the world. (Note that during the first half of the decade that I was advising friends that housing was a bad investment, housing was actually a great investment, assuming you could get out in time.)
    °Åǰ°ú ³«°üÀÇ Æí°ß: Á¾Á¾ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â À§ Â÷Æ®ÀÇ ¿À¸¥Æí¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº °Å´ëÇÑ °ÅǰÀÌ Ã£¾Æ¿Â´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº Çѵ¿¾È ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÅǰÇö»óÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î Âø°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ÇÑÂüµ¿¾ÈÀ» ±×°ÍÀÌ º¸ÅëÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϸ鼭 »ì°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀÇ ³ú¸®¿£ ¼¼»óÀ» ÇâÇÑ ³«°üÀûÀÎ ±â´ëÄ¡°¡ ¹ÚÈ÷±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. (Âü°í: 2000³â´ë »ó¹Ý±â¿¡ ³»°¡ ÁÖÅÃÀÌ ÁÁÁö¸øÇÑ ÅõÀÚ´ë»óÀ̶ó°í Ä£±¸µé¿¡°Ô Ãæ°íÇßÀ» ¶§, ÁÖÅÃÀº »ç½Ç ÁÁÀº ÅõÀÚ¿´¾ú´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ ŸÀ̹ÖÀ» Àß ¸ÂÃç ºüÁ® ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀ» ÀüÁ¦·Î ÇÑ´Ù¸é ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.)
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OK, so now we all know the real story. Or do we? ¡°In an annual survey conducted by the economists Robert J. Shiller and Karl E. Case, hundreds of new owners in four communities — Alameda County near San Francisco, Boston, Orange County south of Los Angeles, and Milwaukee — once again said they believed prices would rise about 10 percent a year for the next decade.¡± There¡¯s that optimism bias.
¿ÀÄÉÀÌ. ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®´Â ½ºÅ丮°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ³¡³ª´Â °ÍÀÎÁö ¸ðµÎ ¾È´Ù. Á¤¸» ¾Æ´Â°Ô ¸ÂÁö? ·Î¹öÆ® ½¯·¯¿Í Ä«¾Ë ÄÉÀ̽º °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ »õ·Î ÁýÀ» »ê »ç¶÷µé ¼ö¹é¸íÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ³â°£ ¼³¹®Á¶»ç¸¦ ½Ç½ÃÇß¾ú´Ù »÷ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ ÀαÙÀÇ ¾Ë¶ó¹Ì´Ù Ä«¿îƼ (±º), º¸½ºÅÏ, ³²°¡ÁÖÀÇ ¿À·»Áö Ä«¿îƼ, ±×¸®°í ¹Ð¿÷Ű Áö¿ªµî ±×µéÀº ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã ÇâÈÄ 10³âµ¿¾È Àϳ⿡ 10%¾¿ Áý°ªÀÌ ¿À¸¦ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇÑ´Ù°í ´äº¯Çß´Ù. ±×°Ô ¹Ù·Î ³«°üÀû Æí°ßÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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But I don¡¯t think it¡¯s correct to say that an era is over–an era when housing appreciation was the key to the economy. The chart above shows simply that that era never existed; housing was flat for a long time, and then there was a bubble. Instead, we had the illusion of an era of housing appreciation, produced mainly by leverage and price illusion. For every homeowner who made a killing because she got a fixed-rate mortgage in 1970, there was a new family that couldn¡¯t afford a house in 1980 because interest rates were too high, or a savings and loan that failed because it was weighed down by those fixed-rate mortgages. That whole phenomenon was just a transfer of wealth within society.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÁÖÅýü¼ÀÇ »ó½ÂÀÌ °æÁ¦¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿­¼è°¡ µÇ´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ Áö³µ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö´Â ¸»±â ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. À§ÀÇ Â÷Æ®´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã´ë°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» ¾Ë·ÁÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖÅýü¼´Â ¿À·£±â°£µ¿¾È º¸ÇÕ¼¼¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°¡ °ÅǰÀ¸·Î ¼Ú¾Æ ¿À¸¥ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ´ë½Å ¸ô±âÁö ºú°ú °¡°ÝÀÇ È¯»óÀ¸·Î ¿Ã¶ú´ø ÁÖÅýü¼¸¦ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ²ÙÁØÈ÷ »ó½ÂÇß´ø °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ȯ»ó¼Ó¿¡ ºüÁ® ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 70³â´ë ½ÃÀý¿¡ °íÁ¤ÀÌÀÚÀ²À» ³·°Ô ÀâÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼öÁö¸Â¾Ò´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡ 80³â´ëÀÇ ½Å»ý Ä¿ÇõéÀº ³ôÀº ÀÌÀÚÀ² ¶§¹®¿¡ ÁýÀ» »ì ¼ö ¾ø¾ú°í ±× ÀÌÈÄ¿£ ÁÖÅÃÀºÇàµéÀÌ °íÁ¤ÀÌÀÚ¿¡ ¹­¿© ÆÄ»êÇÏ´Â Çö»óÀÌ »ý°å¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç Çö»óµéÀº ±×Àú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ »çȸ¼Ó¿¡¼­ °æÁ¦·ÂÀÇ Àü´Þ°ú ¼øÈ¯¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

One last caveat, however. When ¡°analysts say¡± one thing, they are usually wrong. Remember back in 1999-2000, when most analysts were saying that stocks were the best investment for everyone, all the time? Generally the best time to buy an asset class is when conventional wisdom has shifted against it. So while I still think housing is overpriced–and we should slowly remove the props on that price, like the mortgage interest tax deduction–maybe in the long term it¡¯s not such a bad idea after all.
Çϳª¸¸ ´õ °æ°í¸¦ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ºÐ¼®°¡µéÀÌ ¹«¾ð°¡¸¦ ¸»ÇÒ¶§ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº Ʋ¸° °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Áö³­ 1999-2000³âÀ» ±â¾ïÇϴ°¡? ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ºÐ¼®°¡µéÀº ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡ ÁÖ½ÄÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ÅõÀÚ´ë»óÀ̶ó°í Çß¾ú´Ù. ÁÖ·Î ¾î¶² ÀÚ»êÀ» ¸ÅÀÔÇÒ ¶§´Â ÀÏ¹Ý Åë³äÀÌ ±× Àڻ꿡 ´ëÇØ¼­ µîÀ» µ¹·ÈÀ» ¶§ »ç´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. ³ª´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ Áý°ªÀÌ ºñ½Î´Ù°í º¸´Â °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸ ¸ô±âÁö ÀÌÀÚ¸¦ ¼Òµæ¼¼¿¡¼­ °øÁ¦ÇØ ÁÖ´Â Á¤Ã¥°ú °°Àº ÁÖÅýü¼ ºÎ¾ç¼º ¹öÆÀ¸ñµéÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾î ÁÖÅýü¼ °ÅǰÀÌ ºüÁø´Ù¸é ±×¶§´Â Áý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ »ý°¢ÀÌ ¹Ù²ð¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

   

¹ø¿ª: Å丶½º ¹Ú  (°æÁ¦´åÄÄ)

¿ø¹®: http://baselinescenario.com/2010/08/23/housing-in-ten-words/

ÀúÀÚ: James Kwak is currently a student at the Yale Law School. Previously, he was a management consultant at McKinsey and Company and co-founder of a successful software company. James received an A.B. in Social Studies from Harvard College and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. He is coauthor, with Simon Johnson, of The Baseline Scenario, a leading economic blog. 

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