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End of the Euro (À¯·ÎÀÇ Á¾¸»)

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Niall Ferguson (Professor at Harvard University, Economics)
2010.06.15

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Crisis—from the Greek "krisis," for a turning point in a disease—is one of many English words we owe to the ancient Athenians. Now their modern descendants are reminding us what it really means. Just when it seemed safe to start using the word "recovery," a Greek crisis is threatening the world economy, and the very existence of the world's second-biggest currency.
³­±¹/À§±â ±×·ò½º¾î·Î Áúº´¿¡¼­ Á×´À³Ä »ç´À³ÄÀÇ ±âÁ¡ ´Â °í´ë ¾ÆÅ×³× »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °¡Á®´Ù ÁØ ¿µ¾î ´Ü¾î Áß¿¡ Çϳª´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ´ç´ëÀÇ ±×·ò½ºÀεéÀº Á¶»óµéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î ÁØ ±× ´Ü¾îÀÇ Âü ¶æÀ» »ÀÁ®¸®°Ô °æÇèÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ȸº¹À̶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ Àͼ÷ÇØ Áö·Á´Â ¼ø°£ ±×·ò½º »çŰ¡ ¼¼°è °æÁ¦¸¦ À§ÇùÇÑ´Ù. ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ µÎ¹øÂ°·Î Å« È­Æó°¡ À§Çù´çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù
.

The euro seemed like such a good idea just 10 years ago. Europe had already achieved remarkable levels of integration as a trading bloc, to say nothing of its consolidation as a legal community. Monetary union offered all kinds of alluring benefits. It would end forever the exchange-rate volatility that had bedeviled the continent since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of fixed rates in the 1970s. No more annoying and costly currency conversions for travelers and businesses. And greater price transparency would improve the flow of intra-European trade.
10
³âÀü¸¸Çصµ À¯·Î´Â ±â¹ßÇÑ ¹ß»óÀÎ °Í ó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. ¹«¿ªµ¿¸Í±¹µé°ú À¶È­°¡ Àß ‰ç¾ú°í. ¸â¹öµé¿¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ°¡´Â ÇýÅõµ ÄǾú´Ù. 70³â´ë ÃʹÝ, ºê·¹Æ®¿ìÁî °íÁ¤È­Æó±¸Á¶°¡ ¹«³ÊÁö°í ³­ ÀÌÈÄ °íÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÉÇß´ø ¿Üȯ ½Ã¼¼ÀÇ ±¼°îÀ» ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ÀáÀç¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ¾î º¸¿´´Ù. ºñÁö´Ï½ºµé°ú ¿©ÇàÀÚµéÀÌ ÁöºÒÇØ¾ß Çß´ø ȯÀüºñµµ Á¦°ÅÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í °¡°ÝÀÇ Åõ¸í¼ºÀÌ Ä¿Áö¸é¼­ À¯·´±¹°¡°£ÀÇ ¹«¿ªµµ Çâ»óµÉ °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. 

A single European currency also seemed to offer a sweet trade. European countries with problems of excessive public debt would get German-style low inflation and interest rates. And the Germans could quietly hope that the euro would be a little weaker than their own super-strong Deutsche mark.
´ÜÀÏÈ­µÈ À¯·´ È­Æó°¡ °Å·¡ÀÇ ´Ü¸ÀÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ÁÙ °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. °øÀû ºÎä°¡ ¸¹Àº ±¹°¡µéÀº µ¶ÀÏ ½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀÇ ³·Àº ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ǰú Àú±Ý¸®¸¦ ¾îºÎÁö¸® ÇÒ µí ÇØ º¸¿´´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÌ ³ª¸§µ¥·Î ¹Ù·¨´ø ¹Ù´Â À¯·Î°¡ µµÀÌÄ¡ ¸¶Å©º¸´Ù ¾à°£ ÀúÆò°¡ µÇÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸é ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. 

Monetary union had geopolitical appeal, too. In the wake of German reunification, the French worried that Europe was heading for a new kind of domination by its biggest member state. Getting the Germans to pool monetary sovereignty would increase the power of the other members over a potential Fourth Reich. And, best of all, it would create an alternative reserve currency to challenge the mighty U.S. dollar.
È­Æóµ¿¸ÍÀº ÁöÁ¤ÇÐÀû ÀÌÁ¡µµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÌ ÅëÀÏµÈ ÀÌÈÄ ÇÁ¶û½º´Â À¯·´¿¡ »õ·Î¿î °­±¹ÀÇ Åº»ýÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Áö¹èµÉ °ÍÀ» ¿ì·ÁÇß¾ú´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀ» È­Æóµ¿¸Í¿¡ µé¾î¿À°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¸â¹ö±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ µ¶ÀÏÀÌ Á¦4Á¦±¹ÀÇ ±æ·Î °¡´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÌÁ¡Àº ¹Ì±¹ ´Þ·¯ÀÇ Àý´ë ±º¸²¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ë¾ÈÀÇ È­Æó¶ó´Â Á¡À̾ú´Ù. 

Still, when European Commission president Jacques Delors first proposed monetary union, it seemed a wildly ambitious project. Even when it was formally adopted as the third pillar of the European Union in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, many economists—myself included—remained skeptical.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ À¯·ÎÇÇ¾È À§¿öȸÀå, Àñ µ¨·Î½º°¡ ÅëÈ­µ¿¸ÍÀ» óÀ½ Á¦¾ÈÇßÀ» ¶§´Â ³Ê¹« ¾ß½ÉÀÌ ÄÇ´ø °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. 1992³â ¸¶½ºÆ®¸¯Æ® ÇùÁ¤¿¡¼­ Á¦3 ÁöÁÖ·Î °ø½Ä ½ÂÀεǾúÀ» ¶§±îÁö ³ª¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¸¹Àº °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ȸÀÇÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. 

It was far from clear that the 11 countries that initially joined up constituted an "optimal currency area." A single monetary policy would likely amplify, rather than diminish, the fundamental differentials between highly productive Germany and the less efficient periphery.
Ãʱâ 11°³ ¸â¹ö±¹°¡µéÀÌ °ú¿¬ ÃÖÀûÀÇ Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú´À³Ä ÇÏ´Â ÀDZ¸½ÉÀÌ ÄǾú´Ù. ´ÜÀÏÈ­µÈ ÅëÈ­µ¿¸Í Á¤Ã¥Àº µ¶Àϰú °°ÀÌ °íµµÀÇ È¿À²¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ °æÁ¦¿Í ±×·¸Áö ¸øÇÑ ÀÛÀº ±¹°¡µé »çÀÌÀÇ °£°ÝÀ» ÁÙÀÌ´Â °Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó È®Àå½ÃŰ´Â °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®´Ù ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 

But the worst defect in the design of the EMU, we argued, was that it was uniting Europe's currencies but leaving its fiscal policies completely uncoordinated. There were, to be sure, "convergence criteria," which specified that a country could join only if its deficit was less than 3 percent of gross domestic product and its public debt was less than 60 percent. But even when these were turned into a permanent set of fiscal rules in the Stability and Growth Pact, there was no obvious way they could be enforced.
±×·±µ¥, À¯·´ÅëÈ­µ¿¸ÍÀÇ ±¸Á¶Àû µðÀÚÀο¡¼­ °¡Àå Å« °áÇÔÀº È­Æó´Â ÇÕÃÄÁ³À¸³ª °¢ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¿¹»êÁ¤Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶À²Àº ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿ì¸®´Â ³íÀïÇß¾ú´Ù. Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»Çؼ­ ¡°¼ö·ÅÀÇ Ã´µµ¡±, Áï ¸â¹öÀÇ ÀÚ°ÝÁ¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ³â°£ ÀûÀÚ°¡ GDPÀÇ 3% ¹Ì¸¸, ±×¸®°í ÃѺÎä ºñÀ²ÀÌ GDP¿¡ ºñÇØ 60% ¹Ì¸¸À̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ ÀÖ±â´Â Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ·± ±ÔÁ¤µéÀÌ ¡®¾ÈÁ¤°ú ¼ºÀå µ¿¸Í¡¯¶õ¿¡ ÀÔ¹ýÈ­µÇ¾ú¾îµµ ÇàÁ¤»óÀÇ ÁýÇà¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 

The design of the EMU illustrates a profoundly important truth about human institutions. Just because you don't create a formal procedure for something you would rather didn't happen, that doesn't mean it won't happen. This was one of the reasons Britain decided not to join the single currency. A confidential Bank of England paper circulated in 1998 speculated about what would happen if a country—referred to only as "Country I"—ran much larger deficits than were allowed. The result, the bank warned, would be a colossal mess.
À¯·´ÅëÈ­µ¿¸ÍÀ» µðÀÚÀÎÇßÀ» ¶§ ¿ì¸®´Â Àΰ£µéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î³½ ±â°üÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø½ÇÀ» ¿³º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê±â¸¦ ¹Ù·¨±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ´ëºñÃ¥À» ¸¸µé¾î ³õÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÇØ¼­ ±×·± ÀÏÀÌ »ý±âÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¶ó´Â ¹ýÀº ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿µ±¹ÀÌ µ¿¸Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¹Ù·Î ±×°Í ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 1998³â¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾ú´ø ¿µ±¹Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀÇ ºñ¹Ðº¸°í¼­¿¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¾²¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°¸¸¾à¿¡ ¹®Á¦ÀDZ¹°¡ (Country 1À̶ó°í¸¸ ¸í¸íµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ±¹°¡)°¡ Çã¶ôµÈ ÀûÀÚ¼±À» Å©°Ô ³Ñ¾î¼­¸é ¾î¶»°Ô Çϳª? ±× °á°ú´Â ¾öû³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡±. 

Why? Because the new European Central Bank (ECB) was prohibited from bailing out a country with such an excess deficit by lending money directly to the government. Yet, at the same time, there was no mechanism for Country I to exit the monetary union. This rigidity was one reason Harvard economist Martin Feldstein foresaw the single currency leading not to greater harmony in Europe, but to conflict.
¿Ö³Ä¸é, ±×·¸°Ô Å« ÀûÀÚ¸¦ ³½ ±¹°¡¸¦ À¯·´Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀÌ µ·À» ºô·ÁÁÖ¾î ±¸Á¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇϰí Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´õºÒ¾î ¹®Á¦ÀDZ¹°¡°¡ µ¿¸ÍÀ» Å»ÅðÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Ãⱸ°¡ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾î ÀÖÁöµµ ¾Ê´Ù. ÇϹٵåÀÇ ¸»Æ¾ Æç½ºÆ¾ ±³¼ö´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÁ÷¼º ±¸Á¶°¡ À¯·´ÀÇ Çϸð´Ï º¸´Ù´Â ¸¶ÂûÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ÁÖ ¿äÀÎÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çß¾ú´Ù. 

Make that "Country G."

For nearly nine years after Greece became the 12th EMU member on Jan. 1, 2001, the Cassandras appeared to have gotten it wrong. The euro was a triumphant success. Long-term interest rates converged. True, the fiscal rules were not tightly enforced—indeed, none of the member states really satisfied the convergence criteria when the euro was launched in 1999—but the trends were healthy. Deficits shrank. And although there was less convergence of inflation rates and economic performance than had been hoped for, there seemed little cause for concern. Not only Europeans but the whole world took to the euro. Between 1999 and 2003, international banks issued more bonds priced in euros than in dollars. The countries that had stayed out began to wonder if they'd missed not just the bus but a luxury coach.

2001³â 1¿ù¿¡ ±×·ò½º°¡ 12¹øÂ° ¸â¹ö·Î µé¾î¿À°í ³­Áö 9³âµ¿¾ÈÀº ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀÌ Æ²·È´ø °Í ó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. À¯·Î´Â ´ë ¼º°øÀ̾ú´Ù. Àå±â±Ý¸®´Â ¼ö·ÅµÇ¾ú°í Ãß¼¼´Â ´Ü´ÜÇß´Ù. ¹°·Ð ÀûÀÚ ±ÔÄ¢Àº Á¦´ë·Î ÁýÇàµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò¾ú´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â 1999³â¿¡ ½ÃÇàµÉ ´ç½Ã ¸Ø¹öµé Áß ¾Æ¹«µµ ¼ö·Å±âÁØ¿¡ ÇÕ°ÝÇÏÁö ¸øÇß¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀûÀÚµµ ÁÙ¾ú´Ù. °æÁ¦¼ºÀå·ü º¸´Ù ¹°°¡Áö¼öÀÇ ¼ö·Åµµ°¡ ±â´ëÄ¡º¸´Ù ³·¾Ò´ø °ÍÀº »ç½ÇÀ̾úÁö¸¸ º°·Î °ÆÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. À¯·´»ç¶÷µé¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àü ¼¼°è°¡ À¯·Î¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ µé¿´´Ù. 1999³â¿¡¼­ 2003³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ±¹Á¦ ÀºÇàµéÀº ´Þ·¯º¸´Ù À¯·Î·Î ä±ÇÀ» ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ßÇàÇß´Ù. À¯·Îµ¿¸Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ±¹°¡µé Áß¿¡ ±×µéÀÌ ¹ö½º¸¦ ³õÄ£ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸®¹«ÁøÀ» ³õÄ£°Ô ¾Æ´Ñ°¡ Çϰí ÀǽÉÇß´ø ±¹°¡µéµµ ÀÖÀ» Á¤µµ¿´´Ù. 

Then, in October 2009, a newly elected Greek government fessed up. Greece's budget deficit was in fact a whopping 12.7 percent of GDP, as opposed to the 6 percent reported by the old government, and more than three times the 3.7 percent promised to the European Commission at the beginning of 2009. It also turned out that the ECB was indirectly funding more than a third of Greek government borrowing via its emergency lending to Greek banks (giving the lie to the supposed "no bailouts" rule). The news set off precisely the kind of chain reaction the Euro-skeptics had always feared. Lenders had always charged higher interest on Greek bonds than German bonds, even in the euro's golden years, but that spread suddenly blew out from about 1 percent to above 5, and then 10. The country went into a fiscal death spiral as rising interest rates made the deficit even larger (it's now up to 13.6 percent) by increasing the costs of debt service. In desperation, the Greeks turned to their fellow Europeans for assistance. That might have been relatively cheap back in January, but the German government hesitated. In the midst of a global financial crisis and a German recession, and with regional elections fast approaching, German voters were in no mood to bail out foreigners who had been fiddling with their fiscal figures. But the longer the Germans dithered, the higher the cost of a Greek bailout rose.

±×·±µ¥ 2009³â 10¿ù, »õ·Î Áý±ÇÇÑ ±×·ò½º Á¤ºÎ°¡ ½ÇÅäÇß´Ù. ¿¹»ê ÀûÀÚ°¡ Àü Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¹ßÇ¥Çß´ø 6%°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó GDP ´ëºñ 12.7% ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 2009³âÀÌ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ ±×·ò½º°¡ À¯·ÎÇÇ¾È À§¿øÈ¸¿¡ ¾à¼ÓÇß´ø 3.7%º¸´Ù ¼¼¹è°¡ ³Ñ´Â ¼öÀ§¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í À¯·´Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀº ±×·ò½º ÀûÀÚÀÇ 3ºÐÀÇ1ÀÏÀÌ ³Ñ´Â ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ±×·ò½º ÀºÇàµé¿¡°Ô ºñ»ó´ëÃâÇü½ÄÀ¸·Î ºô·ÁÁá´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (±¸Á¦±ÝÁö·ÉÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÑä) À¯·Î ȸÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¿ì·ÁÇß´ø üÀÎ Çö»óÀÌ ÅÍÁ³´Ù. ±×·ò½º ä±Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀÚ´Â µ¶ÀÏ Ã¤±Ç¿¡ ºñÇØ ´Ã ºñ½Õ´Ù. À¯·Î°¡ Àß ³ª°¬À» ¶§µµ ±×·¨¾ú´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±× ½ºÇÁ·¹µå°¡1%°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó 5%, ±×¸®°ï 10%¿´´Ù. ±×·ò½º´Â ºÒ¾î³­ ÀÌÀÚ ¶§¹®¿¡¶óµµ ¿¹»ê ºí·¢È¦¿¡ ºüÁ®µé¾ú´Ù (Áö±ÝÀº GDP ´ëºñ 13.6% ·Î ´Ã¾ú´Ù.) °ßµðÁö ¸øÇÑ ±×·ò½º´Â ÁÖº¯±¹°¡µé¿¡°Ô ¼ÕÀ» ³»¹Ð¾ú´Ù. Áö³­ 1¿ù±îÁö¸¸Çصµ ÀÌÀÚ°¡ ±×¸® ºñ½ÎÁö ¾Ê¾Ò¾ú´Âµ¥ µ¶ÀÏÀÌ ÁÖÀúÇß´Ù. ÀÚ±¹ÀÇ ·ò¼¼¼Ç°ú ±Û·Î¹ú ±ÝÀ¶»çÅÂ, °Ô´Ù°¡ ¼±°Å°¡ ´Ù°¡¿À°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÅõÇ¥Àڵ鿡°Õ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿¹»ê ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ °¡Áö°í Àå³­ÃÄ ¿Ô´ø ¿Ü±¹±¹°¡¸¦ ±¸Á¦ÇÏ·Á´Â ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ µ¶ÀÏÀÌ °¥ÇǸ¦ ¸øÀâ´Â µ¿¾È ±×·ò½ºÀÇ ±¸Á¦ºñ¿ëÀº ¼Ú±¸Ä¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 

Finally, at the end of April, a deal was hammered out whereby the Greeks received ¢æ110 billion, of which ¢æ30 billion came from the International Monetary Fund, and the rest from the other euro-zone countries. In return, the government in Athens committed to strict fiscal retrenchment, pledging to reduce the deficit to 3 percent by 2014 with a mixture of spending cuts and tax hikes.
°á±¹ Áö³­ 4¿ù¸»¿¡ Çù»óÀÌ Å¸°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·ò½º Á¤ºÎ´Â ÃÑ 110ºô¸®¾ð À¯·Î¸¦ Áö¿ø¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥ ±×Áß 30ºô¸®¾ð À¯·Î°¡ IMF¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Ô°í ³ª¸ÓÁö´Â ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ µµ¿Í ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× ´ñ°¡·Î ±×·ò½º Á¤ºÎ´Â ¿¹»êÀýÁ¦¸¦ ¾à¼ÓÇß´Ù. ÇâÈÄ 2014³â±îÁö ÁöÃâ»è°¨°ú ¼¼±Ý ÀλóÀ¸·Î ÀûÀÚºñÀ²À» GDP ´ëºñ 3%·Î ÁÙÀ̱â·Î Çß´Ù. 

Problem solved? Unfortunately not. This Greek tragedy has several more acts to come.
±×·¯¸é ¹®Á¦°¡ ÇØ°áµÈ°Ç°¡? ºÒÇàÈ÷µµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·ò½ºÀÇ ºñ±ØÀÌ ³¡³ª·Á¸é ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¸î°³ÀÇ ´Ü°è°¡ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Ù.

The first will be a Greek default. It's simply not credible that the government will be able to deliver such severe fiscal tightening at a time of deep recession. Even if everything were to go according to plan, the debt would peak at 150 percent of GDP, with a crippling 7.5 percent of GDP going on interest payments. Greece manifestly lacks the political will to do this. Prediction: the government of George Papandreou will fall and its successor will inflict a 30 percent "haircut" on holders of Greek bonds.
ù´Ü°è´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ Ã¤¹«ºÒÀÌÇà ¼±¾ðÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý°ú °°ÀÌ ±Ø½ÉÇÑ ·ò¼¼¼Ç¿¡¼­ ±×¿Í °°Àº ±äÃàÀ¸·Î ¾à¼ÓÀ» ÁöŲ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ç½Ç»ó ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¼³»ç °èȹ´ë·Î ÁøÇàÀÌ µÈ´ÙÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ºÎä°¡ GDPÀÇ 150%±îÁö »ó½ÂÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í ÀÌÀÚºñ¿ë¸¸ ÇØµµ GDPÀÇ 7.5%±îÁö ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·ò½º¿¡´Â ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ½Å³äÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. ¿¹¾ðÇϰǵ¥, Á¶Áö ÆÄÆÇµå·ç Á¤ºÎ´Â ¹«³ÊÁö°í Â÷±â Á¤ºÎ´Â 乫ÀÇ 30% »è°¨À» °¨ÇàÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
 

The next act will be even more dramatic. For what makes the crisis in tiny Greece so serious is the contagion effect—the realization among investors that if this can happen to Greek bonds, it can happen to other bonds, too. A scan of the data reveals two other euro-zone countries with bloated debts (Italy and Belgium) and another two with Greek-style overreliance on foreign lending (Portugal and Spain).
µÎ¹øÂ° ´Ü°è´Â ´õ¿í ±ØÀûÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·ò½º ¹®Á¦´Â ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ÀϾ Àü¿°¼º Çö»ó¿¡ ºñÇÏ¸é ±ØÈ÷ ÀÛÀº »ç°ÇÀ̶ó°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·ò½º ä±Ç¿¡ »ý±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦¶ó¸é ´Ù¸¥ ä±Çµµ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ±ú´Ý°Ô µÉ ÅõÀÚ°¡µéÀÇ ½É¸®°¡ ¹®Á¦´Ù. ÀÌÅŸ®¿Í º§Áö¿òÀÇ ºÎä¹®Á¦, ±×¸®°í ±×·ò½ºÃ³·³ ¿Ü±¹ Áö¿ø¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ÆúÆ©°É°ú ½ºÆäÀεîÀÌ ±×¿Í °°Àº º¸±â´Ù. 

Last week the rating agency Moody's placed Portugal's long-term government bond Aa2 rating on review for a possible downgrade. And as Spain sold five-year bonds paying 3.5 percent—compared with a yield of 2.8 percent two months ago—rumors swirled that Madrid was seeking a bailout even bigger than Greece's.
Áö³­ÁÖ, ¹«µð½º´Â ÆúÆ©°ÉÀÇ Àå±â ±¹Ã¤ ½Å¿ëµµÀÎ Aa2¸¦ ÇÏÇâÁ¶Á¤ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ÀüÁ¦·Î ·òºä¿¡ µé¾î°¬´Ù. ±×¸®°í ½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ 5³â¸¸±â ±¹Ã¤ÀÇ ¼öÀÍ·üÀº µÎ´ÞÀüÀÎ 2.8%¿¡ º¸´Ù ³ôÀº 3.5%¿¡ ¿Í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼Ò¹®¿¡ µé¸®´Â¹Ù, ½ºÆäÀÎÀº ±×·ò½ºº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ±Ô¸ð°¡ Å« º£ÀϾƿô¿¡ µé¾î¼³Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. 

Nor is this the only way the Greek crisis can spread like a virus throughout the European economy. Their balance sheets stuffed full of dodgy government bonds, the Greek banks are heading into Lehman Brothers territory. For neighboring countries like Bulgaria and Romania, which rely heavily on Greek banks for funding, that spells a credit crunch.
±×·ò½º»çŸ¸ÀÌ À¯·´°æÁ¦¿¡ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º È®»êÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±× ³ª¶ó ÀºÇàµéÀÇ ´ëÂ÷´ëÁ¶Ç¥¿¡´Â ¼û°ÜÁø Á¤ºÎäµé·Î ä¿öÁ® ÀÖ´ÂÁö¶ó ¸®¸Õºê¶ó´õ½º¿Í Èí»çÇÑ Ã³Áö¿¡ ´Ù´Ù¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖº¯±¹µéÀÎ ºÒ°¡·ò¾Æ¿Í ·Î¸Å´Ï¾ÆµéÀº ±×·ò½º ÀºÇàµéÀÇ ÆÝµù¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ ¿Ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±× ³ª¶óµé¿¡µµ ½Å¿ë°æ»öÀÇ ³¿»õ°¡ £¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. 

Even more alarming is the exposure of other EU banks to Greek debt, which totals $193 billion, according to the Bank for International Settlements. Factor in the risk of copycat crises in Portugal and Spain, and you begin to see the outlines of a disastrous Europewide banking crisis. The only way out of that will be further compromises by the ECB about the paper it accepts as collateral. Already last week it waived its rules, continuing to hold Greek bonds, despite their junk status. If this continues, there is only one way for the euro to go, and that's down.
´õ¿í À§ÅÂ·Î¿î »ç½ÇÀº ´Ù¸¥ À¯·´µ¿¸Í ÀºÇàµéÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ±×·ò½º ä±ÇÀÌ ÃÑ 193ºô¸®¾ð ´Þ·¯¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °Å±â´Ù°¡ ÆúÆ©°É°ú ½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ µ¿¹Ý À§±â¸¦ ´õÇØº¸¸é ¾ÕÀ¸·Î À¯·´ Àüü·Î ÆÛÁ®°¥ ±ÝÀ¶À§±â°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÏ °ÍÀÎÁö »ó»óÀÌ °£´Ù. °Å±â¼­ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æµµ´Â À¯·´Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀÌ Àâ°í ÀÖ´Â ´ãº¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼¸¦ ±ÁÈ÷´Â ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. Áß¾ÓÀºÇàÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Áö³­ÁÖ¿¡ ±ÔÁ¦¸¦ Ç®¾îÁÖ°í ÀÌ¹Ì Á¤Å©¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ½Å¿ëµî±ÞÀÌ ¶³¾îÁ® ¹ö¸° ±×·ò½ºÀÇ ±¹Ã¤¸¦ Áã°í ÀÖ±â·Î °áÁ¤Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼¼Å°¡ °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù¸é À¯·ÎÀÇ ¹æÇâÀº µü ÇÑÂÊÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ³»¸®¸· ±æÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

Keep this in perspective. When the euro was launched back in January 1999, it was worth less than $1.20, and for most of its first three years it was down below parity with the dollar. So its recent slide from close to $1.60 before the global financial crisis to $1.27 last week is far from unprecedented. But the way this crisis is unfolding, further declines seem likely. It will surely be at least a year before investors wake up to the fact that the fiscal predicament of the United States is actually worse than that of the euro zone.
±×·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢¿¡¼­ º¸ÀÚ. 1999³â 1¿ù¿¡ À¯·Î°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÀ» ´ç½Ã ù 3³âµ¿¾È, À¯·Î´ç ´Þ·¯´Â $1.20¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇß¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ $1.60±îÁö ¿Ã¶ú´ø À¯·Î°¡ Áö³­ÁÖ $1.27±îÁö ¶³¾îÁø °ÍÀº ±×¸® Àǿܰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í º»´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ »çŰ¡ ÁøÇàµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ºÁ¼­´Â Ãß°¡ Ç϶ôÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³»´Ù º¸ÀδÙ. Àû¾îµµ ÀϳâÀº ´õ ±×·² µí ½ÍÀºµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº ÅõÀÚ°¡µéÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ »óȲÀÌ À¯·ÎÁ¸º¸´Ù ´õ ½É°¢ÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý´Âµ¥ ±îÁö ÀϳâÁ¤µµ ´õ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¼Ò¿äµÉ °Í °°±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.  

The difference is, of course, that the United States has a federal system, while the euro zone does not. In America, Texas automatically bails out Michigan via the redistribution of income and corporation tax receipts. What the Greek crisis has belatedly revealed is that such fiscal centralization is the necessary corollary of a monetary union.
Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº ¹°·Ð ¹Ì±¹Àº ¿¬¹æÁ¦µµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡ À¯·ÎÁ¸Àº ±×·¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ¹Ì½Ã°£ÁÖ¿¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ »ý±â¸é ¼Òµæ¼¼¿Í ¹ýÀμ¼ÀÇ Àç ºÐ»êÀ¸·Î ÅØ»ç½ºÁÖ°¡ µµ¿Í ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·ò½º »çŸ¦ ÅëÇØ µÚ´Ê°Ô ¹àÇôÁø µÈ °ÍÀº ÅëÈ­µ¿¸ÍÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ± ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿¬¹æÁ¦¿Í °°Àº Áß¾ÓÁý±ÇÀû ±¸Á¶°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

Europe now faces a much bigger decision than whether to bail out Greece. The real choice is between becoming a fully fledged United States of Europe, or remaining little more than a modern-day Holy Roman Empire, a gimcrack hodgepodge of "variable geometry" that will sooner or later fall apart.
À¯·´Àº ÀÌÁ¦ ±×·ò½º¸¦ º£ÀϾƿôÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ³Ä ¸» °ÍÀ̳Ŀ¡ ºÎµúÇô ÀÖ´Ù. À¯·´¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ ¼±ÅÃÀº ¹Ì±¹°ú °°Àº À¯·´ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ³Ä ¾Æ´Ï¸é ±×Àú ¸ð¾ç»õ¸¸ ¹øÁö¸£ÇÏ°í °á±¹ ¿ÍÇØµÉ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â ÀâÅÁ½Ä ±Ù´ë ·Î¸¶Á¦±¹À¸·Î ³²À» °ÍÀÌ³Ä ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

¹ø¿ª: Å丶½º ¹Ú (°æÁ¦´åÄÄ www.GyungJe.com)
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