¡¡
¡°THE THIRD
DEPRESSION¡±
Á¦ 3ÀÇ °øÈ²
2010.06.27
PAUL KRUGMAN (Æú Å©·ç±×¸Õ)
NY TIMES OP-ED
¡¡
|
¹ø¿ªÀÎ ÇØ¼³:
Æú Å©·ç±×¸ÕÀº ÀÌ Ä®·³¿¡¼ ÇöÀç ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÆØ¹èÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ¿¹»ê ±ÕÇü
¿ì¼±ÁÖÀǸ¦ ³¯±î·Ó°Ô ºñÆÇÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
¹Ì±¹Àº 11¿ùÃÊ¿¡ ÀÖÀ»
Áß°£¼±°Å¿¡ ¾Õ¼ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ±Øµµ·Î ½Å°æÀ» °ðµÎ¼¼¿ì°í Àִµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº °æÁ¦ºÎ¾ç¿¡
Â÷ÁúÀÌ »ý±â´Â ÇÑÀÌ ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ ±¹°¡ ºÎäÁõ°¡¸¦ °Ü³ÉÇÑ ±Ø½ÉÇÑ ºñ³À» ÀÏ´Ü
ÀáÀç¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû °è»ê¿¡¼ ³ª¿Â Çö»óÀ̶ó°í ºÐ¼®µË´Ï´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡Àû °è»ê¿Ü¿¡µµ ´Ù¸¥
¾ÆÁ¨´Ù°¡ ¶Ç ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀϱî¿ä? ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ȵο¡ ÀÚÁÖ
¿À¸£´Â ¼¼°è ÅëÇÕ ÈÆó ½Ã½ºÅÛµµ ±×¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï³Ä ÇÏ´Â ÀDZ¸½ÉÀÌ
±×Áß¿¡ ÇϳªÀÏ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
|
Recessions
are common; depressions are rare. As
far as I can tell, there were only
two eras in economic history that
were widely described as
¡°depressions¡± at the time: the years
of deflation and instability that
followed the Panic of 1873 and the
years of mass unemployment that
followed the financial crisis of
1929-31.
ºÒ°æ±â´Â ÀæÀ¸³ª °øÈ²Àº µå¹°´Ù. ³»°¡ ¾Æ´Â¹Ù·Î´Â ¿ì¸® ¿ª»ç¿¡¼
°øÈ²À̶ó°í ÀÏÄÃÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ½Ã±â´Â ´Ü µÎ¹ø»ÓÀ̾ú´Ù - 1873 ÆÐ´ÐÀÌÈÄ µû¶ó¿Ô´ø Àå±âÀû µðÇ÷¹À̼ǰú ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤,
±×¸®°í 1929-31³â Æø¶ô°ú À̾îÁ³´ø ¼ö³â°£ÀÇ ´ë·® ½Ç¾÷À̾ú´Ù.
Neither the Long Depression of the
19th century nor the Great
Depression of the 20th was an era of
nonstop decline — on the contrary,
both included periods when the
economy grew. But these episodes of
improvement were never enough to
undo the damage from the initial
slump, and were followed by
relapses.
19¼¼±âÀÇ Àå±âÀû °øÈ²°ú
20¼¼±âÀÇ ´ë°øÈ² ¸ðµÎ ³í½ºÅ¾À¸·Î Ç϶ôÇß´ø °Í¸¸Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù - ½ÇÀº
±×¿Í ¹Ý´ë¿´¾ú´Ù. ±× ¶§ µÎ¹ø´Ù °æÁ¦°¡ ¼ºÀåÇß¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °æÁ¦Àû
ÁøÀüÀÌ Ã³À½¿¡ ¹Þ¾Ò´ø Ÿ°ÝÀ» µ¹ÀÌų ¼ö ÀÖÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ±Ô¸ð°¡ ¸ø
µÇ¾ú°í ħü±¹¸éÀº Àç¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù.
We are now, I fear, in the early
stages of a third depression. It
will probably look more like the
Long Depression than the much more
severe Great Depression. But the
cost — to the world economy and,
above all, to the millions of lives
blighted by the absence of jobs —
will nonetheless be immense.
¿ì·ÁµÇ´Â ¹Ù, ¿ì¸° Áö±Ý
¼¼¹øÂ°ÀÇ °øÈ²À¸·Î ÁøÀÔÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. À̹øÀº ÆÄ±«·ÂÀÌ ÄÇ´ø 20¼¼±âÀÇ
´ë°øÈ²º¸´Ù´Â 19¼¼±âÀÇ Àå±âÀû °øÈ²°ú Èí»çÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ´õ Å©´Ù.
¾î·°Å³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼¼°è °æÁ¦¿¡ ÁÖ°Ô µÉ ¾ÆÇÄÀº ¸Å¿ì Ŭ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ƯÈ÷ Á÷ÀåÀ» ÀÒÀº ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ´õ¿í ±×·¸´Ù.
And this third depression will be
primarily a failure of policy.
Around the world — most recently at
last weekend¡¯s deeply discouraging
G-20 meeting — governments are
obsessing about inflation when the
real threat is deflation, preaching
the need for belt-tightening when
the real problem is inadequate
spending.
±×¸®°í Áö±ÝÀÇ ¼¼¹øÂ°
°øÈ²Àº Á¤Ã¥Àû ½ÇÆÐ°¡ ÁÖ ¿äÀÎÀÌ´Ù. Áö³ 6¿ù27ÀÏ¿¡ Åä·ÐÅä
ȸ´ãÀ» ¸¶Ä£
G-20¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¼ ¼¼°è °¢±¹ÀÇ °æÁ¦Á¤Ã¥Àº ÀÎÇ÷¹¿¡¼Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°¹Ú°ü³ä¿¡ È۽ο© ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ À§Çè¿ä¼Ò´Â µðÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀε¥µµ
¸»ÀÌ´Ù. Áö±ÝÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ÃæÁ·½º·´Áö ¸øÇÑ Á¤ºÎÁöÃâÀε¥
±×µéÀº ±äÃàÀ¸·Î Ç㸮¶ì¸¦ Á¹¶ó¸Å¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¼³±³ÇÑ´Ù.
In 2008 and 2009, it seemed as if we
might have learned from history.
Unlike their predecessors, who
raised interest rates in the face of
financial crisis, the current
leaders of the Federal Reserve and
the European Central Bank slashed
rates and moved to support credit
markets. Unlike governments of the
past, which tried to balance budgets
in the face of a plunging economy,
today¡¯s governments allowed deficits
to rise. And better policies helped
the world avoid complete collapse:
the recession brought on by the
financial crisis arguably ended last
summer.
Áö³ 2008,
2009³â¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ¹º°¡¸¦ Á» ¹è¿î »ç¶÷µéó·³ º¸¿´¾ú´Ù.
±ÝÀ¶»çŰ¡ ÅÍÁ³´Âµ¥µµ ÀÌÀÚÀ²À» ¿Ã·È´ø ±¸½Ã´ëÀÇ °æÁ¦ÇÐ ¼±¹èµé°ú´Â
´Þ¸® ´ç´ëÀÇ Áß¾ÓÀºÇàµéÀº ÀÌÀÚÀ²À» ´ÜÈ£È÷ ³»·Á ½Å¿ë°æ»ö±¹¸éÀ»
Ç®¾î³ª°¬´Ù. °æÁ¦°¡ °ïµÎ¹Úĥġ´Â ÆÇ±¹¿¡ ¿¹»ê±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÌ·ç·Á Çß´ø
±¸½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® ´ç´ëÀÇ Á¤ºÎµéÀº ¿¹»êÀûÀÚ°¡ ´Ã¾î³ªµµ·Ï
Çã¶ôÇß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÁøÀüµÈ °æÁ¦Á¤Ã¥Àº ¼¼°è°æÁ¦°¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹«³ÊÁö´Â
°ÍÀ» ¸·¾Æ³Â´Ù. ±ÝÀ¶»çÅ·ΠÃÊ·¡µÇ¾ú´ø ·ò¼¼¼ÇÀº ÀÛ³â (2009)
¿©¸§¿¡ Á¾½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù°í º»´Ù.
But future historians will tell us
that this wasn¡¯t the end of the
third depression, just as the
business upturn that began in 1933
wasn¡¯t the end of the Great
Depression. After all, unemployment
— especially long-term unemployment
— remains at levels that would have
been considered catastrophic not
long ago, and shows no sign of
coming down rapidly. And both the
United States and Europe are well on
their way toward Japan-style
deflationary traps.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ »çÇÐÀÚµéÀº
Áö±ÝÀÌ Á¦ 3ÀÇ °øÈ²ÀÌ ³¡³ ½Ã±â°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
1933³â¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¹ÝµîÀÌ ´ë°øÈ²ÀÇ Á¾½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù°í ¸»Çϵí
±×·¸´Ù. Áö±Ý ½Ç¾÷·üÀÇ ¼öÁØÀº ¸î ³âÀü¸¸Çصµ Ä¡¸íÀûÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â
¼öÁØ¿¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ°í ½Ç¾÷·üÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô °¨¼ÒµÉ Á¶ÁüÀÌ º¸ÀÌ´Â °Íµµ
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ì±¹°ú À¯·´Àº ÀÌ¹Ì ÀϺ»½ºÅ¸ÀÏÀÇ µðÇ÷¹ÀÌ¼Ç µ£¿¡
°É·Áµé°í ÀÖ´Ù.
In the face of this grim picture,
you might have expected policy
makers to realize that they haven¡¯t
yet done enough to promote recovery.
But no: over the last few months
there has been a stunning resurgence
of hard-money and balanced-budget
orthodoxy.
ÀÌó·³ ¾Ï´ãÇÑ ½Ã±¹¿¡¼
¿ì¸®´Â Á¤Ã¥°¡µéÀÌ È¸º¹À» Àå·ÁÇϴµ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç ¼ö´ÜÀ» µ¿¿øÇÏÁö
¸øÇß´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Ù. ³î¶ø°Ôµµ Áö³
¸î´Þµ¿¾È ¿ì¸®´Â ±äÃà°ú ¿¹»ê±ÕÇüÀÇ Á¤¼³ÀÌ ÀçµÎµÇ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¸ñ°ÝÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù.
As far as rhetoric is concerned, the
revival of the old-time religion is
most evident in Europe, where
officials seem to be getting their
talking points from the collected
speeches of Herbert Hoover, up to
and including the claim that raising
taxes and cutting spending will
actually expand the economy, by
improving business confidence. As a
practical matter, however, America
isn¡¯t doing much better. The Fed
seems aware of the deflationary
risks — but what it proposes to do
about these risks is, well, nothing.
The Obama administration understands
the dangers of premature fiscal
austerity — but because Republicans
and conservative Democrats in
Congress won¡¯t authorize additional
aid to state governments, that
austerity is coming anyway, in the
form of budget cuts at the state and
local levels.
±×·± ±¸¼¼´ë Á¾±³¿Í °°Àº
°æÁ¦ Á¤Ã¥À» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â ¸»ÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ µé¸®´Â °÷ÀÌ À¯·´ÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤Ã¥°¡µéÀº Çã¹úÆ® ÈĹöÀÇ ¿¬¼³ ´ë¸ñµéÀ» ÀοëÇÏ´Â µí ¼¼±ÝÀ» ¿Ã¸®°í
ÁöÃâÀ» »è°¨ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °æÁ¦¸¦ ȸº¹½ÃŰ°í ºñÁö´Ï½º ½Å·Úµµ¸¦ ¿Ã¸°´Ù°í
¸»ÇÑ´Ù. Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ºÃÀ» ¶§ ¹Ì±¹µµ À¯·´°ú ´Ù¸¦°Ô º°·Î ¾ø´Ù.
FRB, ¿¬¹æÁغñÁ¦µµ ÀÌ»çȸ´Â µðÇ÷¹ÀÌ¼Ç À§ÇèÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î
º¸ÀδÙ. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±× À§Çè¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇϱâ À§ÇØ ³» ³õ´Â Á¤Ã¥Àº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ
¾ø´Ù. ¿À¹Ù¸¶ Á¤ºÎ´Â ¼º±ÞÇÑ ¿¹»ê±äÃàÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª À§ÇèÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö
ÀÌÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °øÈ´ç°ú º¸¼öÆÄ ¹ÎÁÖ´ç¿øµéÀÌ ÁÖÁ¤ºÎµé¿¡
´ëÇÑ Ãß°¡Áö¿øÀ» Çã¶ôÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù ÇÏ¿© Áö¹æ Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ¿¹»êÀ»
±ï¾Æ¾ß¸¸ Çϵµ·Ï ÁöÄѸ¸ º¸°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Why the wrong turn in policy? The
hard-liners often invoke the
troubles facing Greece and other
nations around the edges of Europe
to justify their actions. And it¡¯s
true that bond investors have turned
on governments with intractable
deficits. But there is no evidence
that short-run fiscal austerity in
the face of a depressed economy
reassures investors. On the
contrary: Greece has agreed to harsh
austerity, only to find its risk
spreads growing ever wider; Ireland
has imposed savage cuts in public
spending, only to be treated by the
markets as a worse risk than Spain,
which has been far more reluctant to
take the hard-liners¡¯ medicine.
¿Ö ÀÌÅä·Ï À߸øµÈ Á¤Ã¥À¸·Î
µ¹¾Æ¼¾ß¸¸ Çß³ª? °°æÆÄµéÀº ±×¸®½º¿Í À¯·´±¹°¡µé¿¡°Ô ´Ù°¡¼±
¹®Á¦µéÀ» ²ôÁý¾î ³»¼ ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ÇÕ¸®ÈÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð
ä±ÇÀÚµéÀÌ Á¤ºÎÀÇ °íÁúÀûÀÎ ÀûÀÚ¿¡ µîÀ» µ¹¸®°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº
»ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Áö±Ýó·³ ħüµÈ °æÁ¦»óȲ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±×¿Í°°Àº ´Ü±â¼º
¿¹»ê±äÃàÀÌ ±×µéÀ» º¸È£ÇØ ÁÙ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Áõ°Å°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¹Ý´ë
»óȲÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁ³´Ù. ±×¸®½º´Â ±äÃà¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù°¡ ±×µéÀÇ Ã¤±Ç¿¡
·ò½ºÅ©½ºÇÁ·¹µå¸¸ ¸¶³É ³Ð¾îÁö´Â °á°ú¸¦ ºú°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå´Â
°øÀûÁöÃâÀ» ´ëÃ¥ÀÌ ¾È¼³Á¤µµ·Î »è°¨Çß´Ù°¡ ½ºÆÐÀκ¸´Ù ´õ À§Çèµµ°¡
³ôÀº ½ÃÀåÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǴ ¿ÀÀÎÀ» ³²°å´Ù. ½ºÆÐÀÎÀº ±×Áß¿¡¼µµ °·ÂÇÑ
±äÃàÀ» ÇÇÇÏ·Á ³ë·ÂÇß´ø ±¹°¡´Ù.
It¡¯s almost as if the financial
markets understand what policy
makers seemingly don¡¯t: that while
long-term fiscal responsibility is
important, slashing spending in the
midst of a depression, which deepens
that depression and paves the way
for deflation, is actually
self-defeating.
±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀåÀº Á¤Ã¥°¡µéÀÌ
ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ºñ·Ï Àå±âÀû
¿¹»ê¾ÈÁ¤ÀÌ Áß¿äÇϱâ´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ °øÈ²»çÅ¿¡ ³õÀÌ°Ô µÉ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ÁöÃâÀ»
»è°¨ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °øÈ²À» ´õ¿í ¾ÇȽÃÄÑ µðÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀ¸·Î ¸ô¾Æ°¡´Â ±æ·Î
µé¾î¼°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÀÚÃ¥ÀÏ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù.
So I don¡¯t think this is really
about Greece, or indeed about any
realistic appreciation of the
tradeoffs between deficits and jobs.
It is, instead, the victory of an
orthodoxy that has little to do with
rational analysis, whose main tenet
is that imposing suffering on other
people is how you show leadership in
tough times.
µû¶ó¼ ±×°ÍÀº ±×·ò½º¿¡
´ëÇÑ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï¿ä ÀûÀÚ³Ä °í¿ëÀÌ³Ä ÇÏ´Â Á¤Ã¥»óÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇØµµ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í ³ª´Â »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ºÐ¼®°ú´Â °Å¸®°¡ ¸Õ
Çм³ÀÇ ½Â¸®¿ä ±×µéÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶´Â ±¹¹ÎµéÀ» ±ÃÇÌÀ¸·Î ¾ï´©¸£¸é¼
À§±â¼Ó¿¡¼ ¸®´õ½±À» °ú½ÃÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
And who will pay the price for this
triumph of orthodoxy? The answer is,
tens of millions of unemployed
workers, many of whom will go
jobless for years, and some of whom
will never work again.
±×¿Í°°Àº Çм³ÀÇ Áö¹è¿¡
´ëÇÑ °ªÀº ´©°¡ ÁöºÒÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡? ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äÀº ¼öõ¸¸ÀÇ
½Ç¾÷ÀÚµéÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×Áß ´Ù¼ö´Â ¼ö³â°£ Á÷¾÷À» µÇãÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ¿ä
¾î¼¸é ¿µ¿øÈ÷ °í¿ëµÇÁö ¸øÇÒ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.
¡¡
NY Times Original Article Link

¡¡