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Economic Outlook
¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦ Àü¸Á
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Federal Reserve Board,
Vice Chairman Donald L. Kohn
At the Georgetown
University Wall Street Alliance, New York, New York
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October 15, 2008
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 We
gather in difficult times for our financial markets and our economy.
Recent weeks have seen a sharp intensification of the turmoil in
financial markets: There has been a broad-based pullback in
risk-taking and a virtual seizing up of term lending to many banks
and other financial institutions; interest rates have risen for many
borrowers, and credit availability has significantly diminished; and
equity prices have fallen sharply, on net. The authorities have
responded with a series of forceful and innovative measures that
promise to rebuild confidence and free up lending. Tonight I will
try to put these developments in the context of the recent course of
our economy and its prospects for the future.
¿ì¸®´Â Áö±Ý ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀå°ú °æÁ¦¿¡ ¾î·Á¿î ½Ã±â¿¡
³õ¿©ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ¸îÁÖµ¿¾È ±ÝÀ¶³±¹ÀÇ °µµ°¡ ¸Å¿ì ³¯Ä«·Î¿ÍÁ³À½À» ¸ñ°ÝÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Àü¹ÝÀûÀ¸·Î À§Ç輺ÀÖ´Â ÅõÀÚ°¡
ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú°í ÀºÇà°ú ±ÝÀ¶±â°ü»çÀÌÀÇ ±â°£´ëÃâÀÌ ¸¶ºñµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÀÌÀÚÀ²ÀÌ ¿À¸£°í ´ëÃâÁغñ±ÝÀÌ ±Þ°¨ÇßÀ¸¸ç ÁֽĽü¼µµ Æø¶ôÇß½À´Ï´Ù.
´ç±¹Àº Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÈûÀÖ´Â ´ëÃ¥À¸·Î ¸Â¼¹Ç·Î½á ½Å·ÚÀÇ Àç°Ç°ú ´ëÃâÈ®ÀåÀ» ±âÇØ¿Ô½À´Ï´Ù. ¿À´Ã ÀÌÀÚ¸®¸¦ ºô¾î¼ ³ª´Â
±×µ¿¾È¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¹æ¾ÈµéÀ» ´ç¸éÇÑ °æÁ¦½Ã±¹°ú Àå·¡¿Í ¿¬°üÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇØ º¸µµ·Ï ÇϰڽÀ´Ï´Ù.
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Before commenting on the current
situation and its economic implications, I thought it might be
useful to begin by giving you my perspective on where the economy
stood prior to the recent intensification of financial turmoil.
Overall economic activity--as measured by the growth of real gross
domestic product (GDP)--held up surprisingly well over the first
half of 2008 given the ongoing stresses in broader financial markets
and the further rise in oil prices. At the same time, however, a
number of disquieting signs lay underneath the surface of the
aggregate growth figures. Conditions in housing markets, as had been
widely expected, were continuing to deteriorate, with further
declines in home sales, new construction, and house prices in most
markets. And, while consumer spending posted moderate gains during
the spring, it seemed likely that much of that strength stemmed from
the sizable tax rebate checks that began to go out to households at
the end of April. Meanwhile, on the business side, employers had
been reducing payrolls since the turn of the year, industrial
production fell from February through May, and many corporations
were seeing their profits squeezed by rising costs and weak demand.
ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °æÁ¦»óȲ°ú Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ³íÇϱ⿡
¾Õ¼ ±ÝÀ¶³±¹ÀÌ ÀÌó·³ ½ÉȵDZâ ÀÌÀüÀÇ °æÁ¦»óȲÀ» ¸ÕÀú ´Ù·ïº¸´Â °Íµµ À¯¿ëÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Àúº¯ÈµÈ ±ÝÀ¶½ºÆ®·¹½º¿Í
¿øÀ¯°¡ÀÇ ±ÞµîÀ» °¨¾ÈÇßÀ»¶§, 2008³â Àü¹Ý±â±îÁö¸¸Çصµ GDP·Î ÃøÁ¤µÈ °æÁ¦È°µ¿Àº ³î¶ó¿ì¸®¸¸Å Àß ¹öÅßÁÖ¾ú´ø °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´ø °ÍÀº ±× ¹Ø¿¡ ±ò·ÁÀÖ´ø ¼ºÀå¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Èçµé¸®±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´ø °ÍÀÌ Ç¥¸éȵǰí ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. À̹Ì
¿¹ÃøµÆ¾ú´øµ¥·Î °ÇÃà½Ã°øÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÁÖÅýü¼ÀÇ Ä§Ã¼´Â °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Áö³ º½Ã¶ÀÇ ¼Òºñ¼ºÇâÀº ÀÛÀ¸³ª¸¶ ¼ºÀå¼¼¸¦ º¸À̱â´Â
ÇßÀ¸³ª 4¿ùºÎÅÍ ³ª°¡±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´ø ¼¼±ÝȯºÒ·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¹Ý¦Çö»óÀ̾ú´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¿´½À´Ï´Ù. 2008³â¿¡ Á¢¾îµé¸é¼ °í¿ëÁÖµéÀº Àӱݰú
°í¿ëÀ» ÁÙÀ̱⠽ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç »ê¾÷»ý»êȰµ¿µµ 2¿ùºÎÅÍ 5¿ù±îÁö °¨¼ÒµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±â¾÷µéÀº ¿ø°¡»ó½Â°ú ÀúÁ¶ÇØÁö´Â ¼ö¿ä·Î
ÀÎÇØ ¼öÀͼº Ç϶ôÀ» °æÇèÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
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During the summer, it became
increasingly clear that a downshifting in the pace of economic
activity was in train. In particular, the long list of negative
factors weighing on domestic demand--including high prices for oil
and other commodities, tight credit conditions, and the housing
downturn--were beginning to take a significant toll on the economy.
¿©¸§¿¡ µé¾î¿Í¼ °æÁ¦ÀÇ ¹Úµ¿ÀÌ ¾àÇØÁö°í
ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ ¸íÈ®ÇØÁö±â ½ÃÀÛÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ƯÈ÷ À¯°¡¿Í ¿øÀÚÀç »ó½ÂÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ³»¼ö°¨¼Ò, ½Å¿ë°æ»ö, ±×¸®°í ÁÖÅýü¼Ç϶ôÀÌ °æ±âħü¿¡
ÀÛÁö¾ÊÀº ¾ÇÀç·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
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The deterioration was led by a
noticeable retrenchment in consumer spending. Although rebate checks
continued to provide a boost to incomes in June and July, households
were facing some stiff headwinds. Ongoing job losses and sharp
increases in energy and food prices subtracted from household
purchasing power, declining home prices and falling equity values
led to a further drop in household wealth, and consumers remained
extremely downbeat about prospects for jobs and income. At the same
time, credit became more difficult to obtain as lenders became
increasingly concerned about the prospects for loan performance in a
softening economy. Many banks and other creditors tightened
standards for credit cards and other consumer loans, and some
lenders either reduced borrowing limits on or eliminated home equity
lines of credit. As a result of all these influences, real consumer
outlays fell from June through August, putting real consumer
spending for the third quarter as a whole on track to decline for
the first time since 1991.
»óȲÀÇ ¾ÇÈ´Â ÇöÀúÈ÷ ÁÙ¾îµç ¼Òºñ°¡
ÁÖµµÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ¼¼±ÝȯºÒ ¼öÇ¥ÀÇ ÆÄ±ÞÈ¿°ú°¡ 6¿ù°ú 7¿ù¿¡µµ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀ» ÇâÇØ ºÎ´Â ¸Â¹Ù¶÷Àº °Å¼¼Á³½À´Ï´Ù. ½Ç¾÷°ú
¿¡³ÊÁö¿Í À½½Ä°¡°Ý ±ÞµîÀº ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀÇ ¹ÙÀ×ÆÄ¿ö¸¦ Àá½Ä½ÃÄ×°í ÁÖÅÃħü·Î ÁÙ¾îµç Ȩ¿¡ÄûƼ´Â Ȩ¿À³ÊµéÀÇ Àç»êÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÄ×½À´Ï´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ ¼ÒºñÀÚµéÀº Á÷Àå°ú ¼Òµæ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀڽۨÀ» Àұ⠽ÃÀÛÇß½À´Ï´Ù. °æ±âÀÇ µÐȸ¦ ¿ì·ÁÇÏ´Â ÀºÇàµéÀº ´ëÃâÀ» ²¨·ÁÇϱâ
½ÃÀÛÇÏ¸é¼ Å©·¹µ÷Ä«µå¿Í ¼ÒºñÀ¶ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÃâÀÚ°ÝÀ» ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°Ô Á¦¾îÇßÀ¸¸ç ¾î¶² ÀºÇàµéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÂÀÎÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´ø Ȩ¿¡ÄûƼ ¶óÀÎÀ»
°¨¼Ò½ÃŰ°Å³ª Á¦°Å½Ã۱⵵ Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ±× °á°ú, ¼Òºñ¼º ÀÚ±ÝÀº 6¿ùºÎÅÍ 8¿ù±îÁö °¨¼ÒÇö»óÀ» º¸ÀÓÀ¸·Î½á 3»çºÐ±âÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦¼Òºñ°¡
1991³â ÀÌ·¡ óÀ½À¸·Î °¨¼ÒÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
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Business investment also appears to have
slowed over the summer. Orders and shipments for nondefense capital
goods have weakened, on net, in recent months, pointing to a decline
in real outlays for new business equipment. Similarly, outlays for
nonresidential construction projects edged lower in July and August
after rising at a robust pace over the first half of this year.
Although the deteriorating sales outlook and increased uncertainty
about the economy undoubtedly played a role, the softening in
business outlays also appeared to reflect reduced credit
availability from banks and other lenders.
ºñÁö´Ï½º ÅõÀÚµµ ¿©¸§À» Áö³ª¸é¼ ÁÙ¾îµå´Â
Ãß¼¼¸¦ º¸¿´°í ºñ±¹¹æ »ý»êÁ¦Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖ¹®°ú ¹è´Þµµ ¾à¼¼·Î µé¾î°¬½À´Ï´Ù. ±Ý³â »ó¹Ý±â±îÁöµµ ¿Õ¼ºÇß´ø ºñÁÖÅà °ÇÃ൵ 7¿ù°ú
8¿ùÀ» ÁîÀ½ÇÏ¿© ¾à¼¼¸¦ º¸À̱⠽ÃÀÛÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ¹°·Ð ÇâÈÄ °æÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¾È°¨ÀÌ ÆÇ¸ÅÀúÁ¶ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ±âµµ ÇßÁö¸¸ »ê¾÷°èÀÇ
ÀÚ±Ý°í°¥ Çö»ó¿¡¼ ½Å¿ë°æ»ö »óȲÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇØ ÁÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
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In addition, conditions in housing
markets have remained on a downward trajectory. Sales and
construction of new homes continued to decline over the summer, and
while existing home sales showed signs of stabilizing at low levels,
many of the sales that did occur appear to have been stimulated by
sharp price reductions for distressed properties. National indexes
of house prices continued to post sizable declines.
¶ÇÇÑ ÁÖÅðæ±âµµ Çϰ°î¼±À» ±×¸®°í
ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ½Å±ÔÁÖÅÃÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å¿Í °ÇÃàÀº ¿©¸§¿¡µµ °è¼ÓµÈ Ç϶ô¼¼¸¦ º¸¿´°í ±âÁ¸ÁÖÅÃÆÇ¸Å´Â Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ ¾ÈÁ¤¼¼¸¦ º¸ÀÌ´Â °Í °°¾ÒÀ¸³ª
´Ù¼öÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å°¡ °¡°ÝÇ϶ôÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ Àú°¡ ÁÖÅúо߿¡ Ä¡¿ìÄ¡´Â ¼ºÇâÀ» º¸¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Àü±¹ ÁÖÅð¡°ÝÁö¼ö´Â ÀÛÁö¾ÊÀº °¨¼Ò¼¼¸¦
°è¼ÓÇß½À´Ï´Ù.
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Unfortunately, our trading partners have
proven not to be immune from financial turmoil and economic
weakness. Incoming data indicate that the pace of activity in many
foreign economies slowed in recent quarters, reflecting many of the
same forces of credit contraction, rising energy prices, and housing
market decelerations that have affected the U.S. economy. This
weakening in foreign activity suggests that the support to domestic
production from net exports that was evident in the first half of
this year is likely diminishing. We can see evidence of this in
manufacturing production outside of motor vehicles, which had
benefited from the earlier decline in the dollar and strong foreign
growth; it fell for a third consecutive month in August, and
indications for September suggest a further decline last month, even
after excluding the effects of the recent hurricanes and the strike
at Boeing.
ºÒÇàÈ÷µµ ÇØ¿Ü ¹«¿ªÆÄÆ®³Êµéµµ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ
±ÝÀ¶À§±â¿À °æÁ¦¾àȷκÎÅÍ ¸é¿ªµÇÁö ¸øÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¼öÀÇ ÇØ¿Ü°æÁ¦°¡ ¾àÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â µ¥ÀÌŸ°¡ ÀÔ¼öµÇ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×µé¿¡°Ôµµ
¿ì¸®°¡ °Þ´Â ½Å¿ë°æ»ö°ú À¯°¡»ó½Â, ±×¸®°í ÁÖÅðæ±âÇϰÀÇ ¿©ÆÄ°¡ ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ ¹Ý¿µµÇ°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ °æÁ¦È°µ¿ÀÇ µÐȰ¡
±¹³»ÀÇ »ý»êÀúÇÏÇö»óÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç ´Þ·¯ÀÇ ¾à¼¼¿Í ÇØ¿Ü°æÁ¦ÀÇ ¼ºÀåÀ¸·Î ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´ø ¼öÃâ»ê¾÷µµ 8¿ù¿¡ Á¢¾îµé¸é¼ ¼¼´Þ¿¬¼Ó
Ç϶ôÇß¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Ç㸮ijÀΰú º¸À×ÀÇ ÆÄ¾÷¿©ÆÄ¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°íµµ 9¿ù´Þµµ ½ÇÁúÀû °æ±âµÐÈ·Î ¿¬°áµÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
Meanwhile, inflation remained
uncomfortably high through much of the summer. The sharp increases
in the prices of oil and many agricultural commodities showed
through to consumer food and energy prices, and producers passed
through some of their higher input costs into retail prices for
"core" goods and services. More recently, however, the prices of oil
and other commodities have posted substantial declines, non-oil
import prices have edged down, and the prospect of greater slack in
resource markets and weak demand seems likely to restrain labor cost
pressures and pricing power. Reflecting these developments,
inflation expectations appear to have eased a bit.
ÇÑÆí, À̹ø ¿©¸§±â°£À» Áö³ª¸é¼ ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ǿ¡
´ëÇÑ ¿ì·Áµµ ºÒÆíÇÑ ¼öÁرîÁö °íÁ¶µÆ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. À¯°¡¿Í ³ó»ê¹°°¡ÀÇ ±ÞµîÀº À½½Ä°ú ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡°Ý¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾ú°í »ý»ê¾÷ÀÚµéÀº »ó½ÂµÈ
¿øÀÚÀç°¡°ÝÀ» ÁÖ¿ä ¼ÒºñÁ¦Ç°µéÀÇ °¡°Ý¿¡ µ¡ºÙÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ±Þ¶ôÇÑ À¯°¡¿Í ¿øÀÚÀç°¡°ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¼öÀÔ¹°°¡°¡
¼ö±×·¯µé±â ½ÃÀÛÇß°í ¼ÒºñÀÇ ¾àÈ¿Í ³ëµ¿ºñÀÇ ¾Ð¹ÚÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé¸é¼ °¡°Ý»ó½ÂÀÌ ÅëÁ¦µÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµË´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¹°°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¿ì·Á°¡ Á¶±ÝÀº ¿ÏȵǾú´Ù°í º¾´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
The weakening U.S. economy and ongoing
declines in house prices, with their implications for credit
performance, put further pressure on exposed financial institutions
over the summer. Investors lost confidence in some of these
institutions, which then saw their access to liquidity dry up,
causing some to fail and others to require government assistance or
to consolidate via their acquisition by healthier institutions.
°æ±âµÐÈ¿Í ÁÖÅýü¼Ç϶ô, ±×¸®°í ½Å¿ëÀÇ
ÁúÀûÇ϶ôÀº ±ÝÀ¶±â°üµéÀ» ¾Ð¹ÚÇß°í ÅõÀÚ°¡µéÀº ¸î¸î ±ÝÀ¶±â°üµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú¼ºÀ» ÀÒ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. °á±¹ ±× ±â°üµéÀº ÀÚ±ÝÀÇ
À¯µ¿¼ºÀ» ÀÒ°ÔµÇ¾î ÆÄ»êÀ» ÇÇÇÏÁö ¸øÇ߰ųª Á¤ºÎÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇßÀ¸¸ç ¶Ç´Â ÀçÁ¤ÀÇ ¿©·ÂÀÌ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ±ÝÀ¶±â°ü¿¡ Èí¼öµÇ´Â
»óȲ¿¡ À̸£·¶½À´Ï´Ù.
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The speed with which these developments
occurred, along with worries about losses throughout the financial
system, led banks and other lenders to pull back from extending
credit except at the very shortest maturities. As a result,
conditions in funding markets deteriorated substantially further in
September and early October, with interbank lending rates moving up
sharply from already-high levels and spreads over
comparable-maturity overnight index swaps widening to unprecedented
levels.
±ÝÀ¶±¸Á¶Àû ¼Õ½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì·Á¿Í »óȲÀü°³ÀÇ
±Þº¯Àº ´Ù¸¥ ÀºÇàµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ´ëÃâÀ» ²¨¸®°Ô ¸¸µé°Å³ª Ãʴܱ⠴ëÃâ¿¡ ±¹ÇÑÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â »óȲÀ¸·Î ¸ô¾Æ°¬¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±× °á°ú,
9¿ù°ú 10¿ù¿¡ µé¾î¼¸é¼ ÀڱݽÃÀåÀº ±Þ¼Óµµ·Î ¾ÇȵǾî ÀºÇà°£ÀÇ ´ëÃâ±Ý¸®¸¦ ÀÌ¹Ì ³ôÀº ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ Ãß°¡·Î »ó½Â½Ã۰Ô
µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
In addition, the commercial paper market
became severely disrupted as money market mutual funds, the largest
investors in that market, substantially reduced their demand in
response to outflows and the difficulty of liquidating commercial
paper in secondary markets. As a result, yields on commercial paper
skyrocketed for most issuers, and funding became increasingly
concentrated in paper with overnight maturities. Similarly, interest
rates on longer-term corporate bonds rose sharply even for
investment-grade firms, and bond markets were closed off to many
issuers. These developments quickly led to sharp declines in equity
prices more generally, as well as to widespread disruptions in other
markets, including the markets for municipal bonds. Market distress
fed on itself, as efforts by lenders to protect themselves triggered
calls for increased margins, sales of assets that accentuated price
declines, large increases in volatility in an uncertain and
unfamiliar environment, and a sharp cutback in the willingness to
extend credit. Financial stresses have intensified in major foreign
economies as well, with many also experiencing a drying up of
liquidity in financial markets, sharp increases in the cost of
short-term credit, and steep declines in equity prices.
°Ô´Ù°¡, Ä¿¸Ó¼ÈÆäÀÌÆÛ (ȸ»ç°£ÀÇ ´Ü±â¾îÀ½)°¡
°Å·¡µÇ´Â 2Â÷½ÃÀåÀÇ °æ»öÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ´ëÇü ¸Ó´Ï¸¶ÄÏ ÅõÀÚÀÚµéÀÇ Ä¿¸Ó¼ÈÆäÀÌÆÛ °Å·¡°¡ ¿©ÀÇÄ¡ ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î½á ±â¾÷°£ÀÇ ¾îÀ½½ÃÀåÀÌ
ÁÂÃÊÇÒ Áö°æ¿¡ ³õÀÌ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±× °á°ú, ¾îÀ½½ÃÀåÀÇ ±Ý¸®°¡ Ä¡¼Ú°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ¹°·Ð ´ëÃâ±â°£µµ ÇÏ·ç¹ã¿¡ ±¹ÇѽÃŰ´Â Çö»óÀÌ
ºú¾îÁ³½À´Ï´Ù. Àå±â¾îÀ½½ÃÀå¿¡ ¹ÌÄ£ ¿©ÆÄµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¿ì·®È¸»çµéÀÌ ¹ßÇàÇϴ ä±Ç±Ý¸®¸¶Àú Å©°Ô ¿À¸£°Å³ª ÆÐ¼âµÇ´Â Áö°æ¿¡
³õ¿©Á³½À´Ï´Ù. À̿Ͱ°Àº ä±Ç½ÃÀåÀÇ Å»¼±Àº ÁֽĽü¼ÀÇ ±Þ¶ôÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇßÀ½À» ¹°·Ð ·ÎÄýÃ,µµ,±º,ÁÖÁ¤ºÎ°¡ ¹ßÇàÇÏ´Â Áö¹æÃ¤
½ÃÀå¿¡±îÁö ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ä±ÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ»ýÀÇ ÀÏȯÀ¸·Î ´ãº¸ÀÚ»êÀ» ¸Å°¢ÇÏ¿©¼¶óµµ Çö±ÝÀ» ä¿ö¾ß Çß°í ±×·ÎÀÎÇÑ °Á¦
¸Å°¢°ú ´ëÃâÁßÁö°¡ Áõ½Ã¿¡ ½ÉÇÑ ÆÄµ¿À» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µ¿Á¾ÀÇ ±ÝÀ¶À§±â°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¼±Áø±¹µéÀÇ °æÁ¦¿¡¼µµ ½ÉȵÊÀ¸·Î½á
ÀÚ±ÝÀ¯µ¿ÀÇ °í°¥°ú ´Ü±â±Ý¸®ÀÇ ±Þµî, ±×¸®°í ÁֽĽü¼ÀÇ Æø¶ôÇö»óÀ» °æÇèÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
The net result of the erosion of
confidence, declines in asset prices, and freezing up of many
financial markets has been a marked deterioration in the outlook for
economic growth both here and abroad. Already, the latest readings
on the U.S. economy have become more downbeat. In the labor market,
private payroll employment fell 170,000 in September, a faster pace
of decline than had been evident in preceding months, and the
Institute for Supply Management survey of conditions in the
manufacturing sector turned down sharply. In addition, motor vehicle
sales fell to a 12-1/2 million unit pace in September, and today's
report on retail sales indicated that purchases of other goods also
dropped sharply last month. Meanwhile, pressures in financial
markets have undoubtedly further restricted the availability of
credit to households and businesses. Indeed, many of our contacts
for the Beige Book, which was published today, highlighted tight and
tightening credit conditions, and, in increasing numbers, indicated
that a lack of credit availability is negatively affecting their
customers' ability to spend or impairing their own ability to
maintain the normal working capital they need to manage their
day-to-day operations.
½Å·Ú»ó½Ç°ú Àڻ갡°ÝÀÇ Æø¶ô, ±×¸®°í
±ÝÀ¶°Å·¡ÀÇ µ¿°áÀº ¹Ì±¹°ú ÇØ¿ÜÀÇ °æÁ¦¼ºÀå¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¾ÇÀç·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡Çϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¹ú½á ¹Ì±¹³»ÀÇ °æÁ¦µ¥ÀÌŸ´Â
ÇÏÇâ¼¼¸¦ º¸À̰í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Áö³ 9¿ùÀÇ ¼ø½Ç¾÷Àº 17¸¸°ÇÀÌ Áõ°¡Çß°í »ý»ê¾÷°èÀÇ ÇϰÀÌ µÎµå·¯Áý´Ï´Ù. ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ÆÇ¸Å´Â 9¿ùÁß
125¸¸´ë·Î ±×ÃÆ°í ´Ù¸¥ ¼Ò¸Å¾÷°èÀÇ ÆÇ¸Å½ÇÀûµµ °°Àº ±â°£¿¡ Å©°Ô °¨¼ÒÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ±ÝÀ¶°è¿¡¼ Á¶¿©µé°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ÒºñÀÚ
´ëÃâ/Å©·¹µ÷Ä«µå ºÐ¾ß°¡ ¼Òºñ¿¡ Á¦µ¿À» °É°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. º£ÀÌÁöºÏ µ¥ÀÌŸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ±â°üµéÀÇ º¸°íÀÚ·á¿¡µµ ¼ÒºñÀÚ
½Å¿ë°æ»öÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¼Òºñ°¨¼Ò°¡ ±â¾÷µéÀÌ Àý½ÇÈ÷ ÇÊ¿ä·ÎÇÏ´Â À¯µ¿ ÀÚ±ÝȸÀü¿¡ °É¸²µ¹ÀÌ µÇ´Âµî ´Ù¶÷Áã ê¹ÙÄû½ÄÀÇ »óȲÀÌ Àü°³µÇ°í
ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
To combat the increased stresses in
financial markets and their effects on the economy, the U.S.
authorities, as well as those of many foreign governments, have
taken a number of forceful and innovative steps in recent weeks. Of
greatest consequence was the passage of the Emergency Economic
Stabilization Act (EESA) with its authority for the government to
use up to $700 billion to support financial markets. Importantly,
the U.S. Treasury has indicated that a significant share of this
authority will be used to inject capital into financial
institutions. As the turmoil has persisted and deepened, it has
become increasingly clear that the fear and uncertainty gripping
markets stems from questions about the exposure of many financial
intermediaries to losses on mortgages and other loans. Banks and
other lenders need greater capital cushions to reassure their
counterparties that they will be able to meet their obligations, and
they need it soon. The capital purchase plan announced by the
Treasury yesterday is a start on building capital and confidence,
and, by strengthening lenders, should make it easier for them to
access the private capital they also require. In addition, the
troubled asset purchase program should help by counteracting the
effect of forced sales and impaired market liquidity on asset
prices.
±×¿Í°°Àº ½Å¿ë°æ»ö°ú ÆÄÀå°ú ½Î¿ì±âÀ§ÇØ ¹Ì±¹
´ç±¹°ú ÇØ¿ÜÁ¤ºÎµéÀº °·ÂÇϰí Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾ÈÀ» °±¸Çϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×Áß °¡Àå Å« °á½ÇÀº 7õ¾ïÂ¥¸® ±ÝÀ¶±¸Á¦¾È (EESA)ÀÇ
Åë°ú¿´½À´Ï´Ù. »çŰ¡ ±í¾îÁö°í ±æ¾îÁö¸é¼ °øÆ÷¿Í ºÒ½ÅÀÌ »ó´ë¹æµéÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ô±âÁö¿Í ºÎ½Ç´ëÃâÀÌ °¡Á®¿Ã ¼Õ½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÀDZ¸½É¿¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Á¡ÀÌ È®ÀεǾú½À´Ï´Ù. ´ëÃâÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ±â°üµéÀº µ·À» ºô·Á°¡´Â ±â¾÷µéÀÌ ºÎä»óȯÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»
°ÍÀ̳Ĵ °Í¿¡ È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áú Çʿ伺 ¶§¹®¿¡ »ó´ë±â°üÀÇ ÀÚº»ÀÌ ÃæºÐÇØÁֱ⸦ ¿øÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. À繫ºÎ°¡ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ÀÚº»¸ÅÀÔ °èȹÀº
±â¾÷µéÀÇ ÀÚº»±¸Á¶¿¡ ½Å·Ú°¨À» ½Ç¾îÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î ´ëÃâÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ±â°üµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý µ·À» Ç®µµ·Ï À¯µµÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±â¾÷ÀÇ
°Á¦¸Å°¢½Ã ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â À¯µ¿¼º°í°¥¿¡ »óÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÇÑÀ» À繫ºÎ°¡ Çà»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
Although capital is the bedrock of
confidence, it probably will take some time for enough to be raised
to completely reassure those who extend funds to many
intermediaries. In the meantime, the inability of lenders to fund
themselves beyond the very near term creates vulnerability in the
financial system and impedes their capacity to make loans to
households and businesses to finance the purchases of cars, houses,
and business capital. To bridge the gap to stronger capital, the
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is offering banks and
their holding companies an opportunity to issue guaranteed
obligations for the next nine months. This guarantee covers the
obligations most likely to be withdrawn when confidence erodes, but
it is also structured to encourage banks to lengthen the maturity of
their borrowing to provide stability, rebuild confidence, and
stimulate lending. The FDIC program will operate alongside the
earlier Treasury guarantee of money market fund balances designed to
stabilize investments in those accounts and hence reduce the need
for these funds to liquidate assets.
ÀÚº»ÀÌ ½Å·ÚÀÇ ¹Ý¼®À̶ó°í´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¼öÀÇ
±ÝÀ¶±â°ü¿¡ ´ëÃâÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ±â°üµéÀÌ ÀڽۨÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ±â±îÁö´Â ÃæºÐÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ Èê·¯¾ß °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
´ëÃâ±â°üµéÀÌ ÀÚµ¿Â÷, ÁÖÅÃ, »ç¾÷ÀڱݵîÀ» ´ëÃâÇØÁÙ¼ö ÀÖ±â À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é ±ÝÀ¶±¸Á¶¿¡ ÇêÁ¡ÀÌ µå·¯³ª°Ô
µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀºÇàµéÀÇ ÀڱݻóŸ¦ °È½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ±âÀ§ÇÑ ¹æÆíÀ¸·Î ¿¬¹æ¿¹±Ýº¸Çè±¹, Áï FDIC´Â ÇâÈÄ 9°³¿ùµ¿¾È ÀºÇàµéÀÌ
º¸Áõä±ÇÀ» ¹ßÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ÀºÇà°£ÀÇ ½Å·Ú¸¦ ÀÒ°Ô µÇ´Â °æ¿ì ´ëÃâÀºÇàÀº ±× ä±ÇÀ» °¡Áö°í µ·À» ã¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï
ÇÏ´Â µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀºÇàµé°£ÀÇ ´ëÃâ±â°£À» ´Ã·Á ¾ÈÁ¤°ú ½Å·Ú¸¦ µÇã°í ´ëÃâȰµ¿À» ÀڱؽÃų ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. FDIC
ÇÁ·Î±×·¥Àº À繫ºÎ°¡ Á¶±â¿¡ º¸ÁõÇϱâ·Î ÇÑ ¸Ó´Ï¸¶ÄÏ ÆÝµå ¹ß¶õ½º Á¤Ã¥°ú ³ª¶õÈ÷ ÅõÀÚ¸¦ ¾ÈÁ¤½ÃŰ´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ÆîÄ¡¹Ç·Î½á ÀÚ»êÀ»
¸Å°¢ÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ÁÙÀÌ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
For its part, the Federal Reserve has
greatly expanded its provision of liquidity to banks here and abroad
and to other borrowers. We could do so in part because the EESA
accelerated the authority for the Federal Reserve to pay interest on
reserves. With that power, we can expand our lending and still
maintain the federal funds rate target established by the Federal
Open Market Committee (FOMC). Under normal circumstances, we face no
tension between supplying liquidity and achieving our interest rate
objective, because we supply a relatively small amount of funds to
the private sector through our open market operations with primary
dealers and discount window lending to banks. Over the past 15
months, however, as lenders have become increasingly reluctant to
lend to each other, the Federal Reserve has had to take on a much
greater role in the financial system to carry out its public policy
responsibilities to provide a backstop source of liquidity. At
first, we did this by expanding the amount and lengthening the
maturity of our lending to banks at the discount window and through
our traditional open market operations with dealers. Then, we found
that we needed to supply credit against a greater variety of
collateral to primary dealers so we opened the discount window to
them and expanded our securities lending facilities. And just within
the past few weeks we determined that, with normal intermediation
increasingly disrupted, economic and financial stability required us
to lend to firms that issued commercial paper. At the same time, we
have greatly expanded our dollar swaps with foreign central banks to
help them meet the dollar funding needs of their domestic
banks--needs that have been adding to pressures on our markets here
at home.
FRBµµ ±¹³»´Â ¹°·Ð ÇØ¿ÜÀºÇàµéÀÇ
ÀÚ±ÝÀ¯µ¿¼ºÀ» È®Àå½ÃÄÑÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ´ëÃâ¿ÏÈ Á¤Ã¥À» º´ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. EESA¹ý¾ÈÀÇ Åë°ú·Î ÀÎÇØ FRB°¡ Áغñ±Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÀÚ
ÁöºÒÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÇÑÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ±ÇÇÑÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¬¹æÁغñ±Ý¸®¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϸ鼵µ ´ëÃâȰµ¿À» È®Àå½Ãų ¼ö
ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Æò»ó½Ã¿¡´Â »ç±â¾÷¿¡ ÁÖ´Â FRBÀÇ ´ëÃâÀÌ ºñ±³Àû ¼Ò¾×À̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸³ª Áö³ 15°³¿ùµ¿¾È
ÀºÇàµé°£ÀÇ ´ëÃâÀÌ °æ»öµÇ¸é¼ FRBÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀÌ Ä¿Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ù° ¿ì¸®´Â ÀºÇàµé¿¡°Ô ³»ÁÖ´Â ´ëÃâÀÇ ¸¸±â¸¦
¿¬Àå½ÃÄ×½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ºê·ÎÄ¿ µô·¯µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹Þ´Â ´ãº¸ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ» È®Àå½ÃÄÑ Áõ±ÇÀ» ´ãº¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ±×µé¿¡°Ôµµ ´ëÃâÀÇ ¹®À»
¿¾îÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ µé¾î¼´Â »ó¾÷¾îÀ½À» ¹ßÇàÇÏ´Â ±â¾÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ ´ëÃâÀ» ÇØÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ±ÝÀ¶±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤À» ²ÒÇØ¾ßÇÏ´Â Çʿ信±îÁö
´Ù´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±¹Á¦Áß¾ÓÀºÇàµéÀ» »ó´ë·Î ´Þ·¯ÆÝµùÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±¹³»ÀºÇàµé¿¡°Ô´Â ´Þ·¯½º¿ÒÀ» ÇØ ÁÜÀ¸·Î½á ±¹³» ½ÃÀå¿¡
°¡ÁߵǴ ÀڱݾйÚÀ» ¿ÏȽÃų ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô Çß½À´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
By opening and expanding these
facilities, we are trying to assure banks, dealers, and commercial
paper issuers that they can extend credit without worrying about
whether they will be able to borrow to fund those loans. We are also
trying to assure those who lend to these firms that the borrowers
will have a source of funding to pay them back. Clearly, the
willingness of the Federal Reserve to lend substantial amounts to
more counterparties over longer periods has not, by itself, been
sufficient to unlock private credit flows; but Federal Reserve
credit has been a critical ingredient in the mix of policy tools.
±×¿Í°°Àº ä³ÎÀ» ¿¾îÁÜÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© ÀºÇà,
µô·¯, ±×¸®°í ¾îÀ½¹ßÇà±â¾÷µéÀÌ ´ëÃâȰµ¿À» ¸¶À½³õ°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ´ëÃâ¹Þ¾ÒÀ» ¶§µµ
Á¦¶§¿¡ »óȯÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àڱݼҽº¸¦ ¸¶·ÃÇØ ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¿¬¹æÁغñ±¹ÀÌ »ó´ë±â°üµé¿¡°Ô ¸·´ëÇÑ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» Àå±âÀûÀ¸·Î ºô·ÁÁÖ¾úÁö¸¸ »ç¼³
ÆÝµåÀÇ À¯ÀÔÀ» Ç®¾î³»Áö´Âµ¥´Â ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÁö¸¸ ±×·¯ÇÑ ´ëÃâ°ú º¸ÁõȰµ¿Àº Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» ÀÌ·èÇϴµ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ±¸½ÇÀ» ÇØ
ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
As I noted earlier, the troubles in the
financial markets have spilled over to the economy. Indeed, fear of
economic weakness and the associated deterioration in credit quality
contributed to the adverse dynamics in credit markets. To counter
this dynamic and adjust its policy to the evolving economic outlook,
the FOMC reduced the target federal funds rate 50 basis points last
week. To be sure, the effects of the easier stance of policy on the
cost and availability of credit were overwhelmed last week by the
further erosion in confidence. But, over time, lower rates will help
to support asset prices and reduce the cost of capital to encourage
spending, economic expansion, and job creation.
ÀÌ¹Ì ¾ð±ÞÇÑ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀåÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ
°æÁ¦¿¡ ¾Ç¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ½Å¿ëÀÇ ÁúÀûÇ϶ô°ú °æ±âµÐÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì·Á°¡ ½Å¿ë½ÃÀåÀÇ ¾Ç¼øÈ¯ÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÇ°í ¸»¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ
¾Ç¼øÈ¯ÀÇ ´ÙÀ̳»¹Í¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ°í º¯ÈµÇ´Â °æÁ¦Àü¸ÁÀ» ÀçÁ¶¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ±âÀ§ÇÑ ¹æÆíÀ¸·Î ¿¬¹æÁغñ±Ý¸®¸¦ 0.5% ÇÏÇâÁ¶Á¤Çß´ø
°ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±Ý¸®¿ÏÈÁ¤Ã¥ÀÌ ½ÃÀåÀÇ ½Å·Ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãß°¡ Ç϶ôÀ» ¹æÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» È®½Ç½Ã ÇϰíÀÚ ÇßÀ½ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ³·Àº ±Ý¸®´Â ½Ã°£ÀÌ
Áö³ª¸é¼ ÀÚ»êÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ µÇ»ì¸®°í ÀÚº»ºñ¿ëÀ» Àý°¨ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ¼Òºñ¿Í °æ±âȰ¼º, ±×¸®°í Á÷¾÷À» âÃâÇϴµ¥
µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
Importantly, this easing action was
taken alongside similar actions by many other central banks.
Financial markets are connected around the world by the free flow of
capital, and the freezing up of credit has occurred, to one degree
or another, in many foreign economies as well as our own. In these
circumstances, measures to address financial market problems within
each country are likely to be more effective if other countries are
also taking similar steps, as they are doing not only in monetary
policy but also in their efforts to recapitalize banks, guarantee
bank obligations, and shore up the confidence of lenders.
Áß¿äÇÑ »ç½ÇÀº À̹øÀÇ ±Ý¸®Ç϶ôÁ¤Ã¥Àº ±¹Á¦
Áß¾ÓÀºÇàµéÀÇ ±Ý¸®Ç϶ô°ú º´ÇàÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀåÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ü°è·Î ½Å¿ë°æ»öÀÌ ¹Ì±¹¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
¿Ü±¹À¸·Î±îÁö »¸¾î³ª°¬½À´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ °³º°ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥º¸´Ùµµ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ±Ý¸®Á¤Ã¥À» ÆîÄ¡°Í ¿Ü¿¡µµ ÀºÇàµéÀ» ÀçÀÚº»È½Ã۰í ÀºÇàºÎ並
º¸ÁõÇØ ÁÖ¸ç, ´ëÃâ±â°üµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ½Å·Ú¸¦ ã°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍµîÀ» ÇÔ²² ÇÑ´Ù¸é ´õ´õ¿í È¿À²ÀûÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
I am optimistic that this multipronged
approach is laying the groundwork for a return to more normal
functioning in financial markets and a restoration of vigorous
economic growth. The initial reaction has been positive, but it will
take some time before we know to what extent the current stresses in
the financial sector are being resolved. Over time, financial firms
will need to bolster profits to offset losses and attract capital,
to delever by reducing debt relative to equity, and in many cases to
consolidate through mergers and acquisitions. All of this points to
a prolonged period of cautious lending and a high cost of capital
relative to benchmark interest rates like the federal funds rate,
even as market functioning improves.
Àú´Â ÀÌó·³ ´Ù¹æ¸éÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀåÀ»
Á¤»óº¹±ÍÇÏ°í °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀ» µÇã´Âµ¥ ¹Ø°Å¸§ÀÌ µÇÁÙ°ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÇöÀç±îÁö ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Â ¹ÝÀÀÀº ±àÁ¤ÀûÀ̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸
±ÝÀ¶°èÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¾î¶²Çü½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç®·Á°¡´Â °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ½Äº°Çϴµ¥±îÁö´Â ½Ã°£ÀÌ Á» °É¸± °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±ÝÀ¶±â°üµéÀº ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ȸº¹Çϰí
ÀÚº»À» À¯ÀÔÇϸç, ºÎ並 ÁÙÀ̰í, ÇÕº´°ú Àμö¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ±¸Á¶Á¤¸®¸¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ±â À§Çؼ± ¼öÀÍÀ» âÃâÀ» ÁöÇâÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
Similarly, although the adjustment in
housing markets is well under way, it likely still has further to
go. House prices will probably continue to fall for a while, and
inventories of unsold homes, while decreasing, will remain elevated.
At some point, however, house prices will begin to stabilize, demand
will be bolstered by the lower level of prices and low interest
rates, and inventories will come into better alignment with sales.
To be sure, any rebound in housing activity will likely be modest,
but even a stabilization in housing markets will remove what has
been a significant drag on the U.S. economy.
ÁÖÅýÃÀåÀÇ Á¶Á¤ÀÌ ±í¼÷È÷ ÆÄ°íµé±ä ÇßÁö¸¸
¾ÆÁ÷µµ °¡¾ßÇÒ ±æÀÌ ³²¾ÆÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÁÖÅð¡°ÝÀº Çѵ¿¾È ´õ ¶³¾îÁú °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. ÁÖÅÃÀç°í·®ÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé°í´Â ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ
³ôÀº ¼öÁØ¿¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾î´À ¼ø°£ºÎÅÍ´Â Áý°ªÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ³»·Á°£ Áý°ª°ú ³·Àº ÀÌÀÚÀ²À» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ä´Â
´Ù½Ã »ì¾Æ³¯ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í Àç°í´Â ÆÇ¸Å·®°ú °É¸Â´Â ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤À» ãÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÁÖÅýÃÀåÀÌ È°¹ßÇØÁø´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ Â÷ºÐÇÑ
¼öÁØÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÁÖÅýÃÀåÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤¼¼¸¸ º¸¿©µµ ±¹³» °æÁ¦¸¦ ²ø¾î³»¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¿ä¼Ò°¡ »ç¶óÁö°Ô µË´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
Given the likely drawn-out nature of the
prospective adjustments in housing and financial markets, I see the
most probable scenario as one in which the performance of the
economy remains subpar well into next year and then gradually
improves in late 2009 and 2010. As credit restraint abates, the low
level of policy interest rates will begin to show through into more
accommodative financial conditions. This improvement in financial
conditions, together with the gradual stabilization of housing
markets and the stimulative effects of lower oil and commodity
prices, should lead to a pickup in jobs and income, contributing to
a broad recovery in the U.S. economy.
Àå±âȵǰí ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÅýü¼ Á¶Á¤°ú ±ÝÀ¶½ÃÀåÀ»
¹è°æÀ¸·Î ºÃÀ»¶§ Ç¥ÁØÀÌÇÏÀÇ °æÁ¦½ÇÀûÀº ³»³â±îÁö Áö¼ÓµÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸À̸ç 2009³âÈĹݰú 2010³â¿¡ Á¢¾îµé¸é¼ Çâ»óµÉ °ÍÀ¸·Î
±â´ëµË´Ï´Ù. ±ÝÀ¶»óȲÀÇ È£Àü°ú, Á¡ÁøÀû ºÎµ¿»êÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼¼, ±×¸®°í ³·Àº À¯°¡¿Í ¿øÀÚÀç°¡°Ý¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °æ±âºÎ¾ç¼ºÀº ½Ç¾÷·üÇ϶ô°ú
¼ÒµæÀÇ Áõ°¡·Î ¿¬°áµÇ°Ô µÇ¾î ¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦ÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀΠȸº¹¿¡ °øÇåÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¡¡
At the same time, inflation seems likely
to move onto a downward track. If sustained, the recent declines in
commodity prices should soon lead to a sharp reduction in headline
inflation. In addition, I expect core inflation to slow from current
levels as lower commodity prices and greater economic slack moderate
upward pressures on costs. Similar reductions in inflation abroad,
as well as the recent appreciation of the dollar, should restrain
increases in the prices of imported goods.
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀÎÇ÷¹À̼ÇÀº Ç϶ô¼¼·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÏ °Í
°°½À´Ï´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¿øÀÚÀç°¡°ÝÀÇ Ç϶ôÀÌ À¯ÁöµÇ¾î Áشٸé Çìµå¶óÀÎ ¹°°¡Áö¼ö°¡ Å©°Ô ¶³¾îÁú °ÍÀ̸ç ÁÖ¿ä ¹°°¡Áö¼ö ¶ÇÇÑ ÇöÀç
¼öÁغ¸´Ù ³·¾ÆÁú °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇØ¿Ü ÀÎÇ÷¹ÀÌ¼Ç ¾Ð¹Ú°¨¼Ò¿Í ´Þ·¯ÀÇ °¼¼µµ ¼öÀÔ¹°Ç°ÀÇ °¡°Ý»ó½ÂÀ» Á¦¾îÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
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I would caution, however, that the
uncertainty around my forecast is substantial. The path of the
economy will depend critically on how quickly the current stresses
in financial markets abate. But these events have few if any
precedents, and thus we can have even less confidence than usual in
our economic forecasts.
ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¦ Àü¸Á¿¡ ºÒÈ®½Ç¼ºÀÌ Å¬ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» °æ°íÇÕ´Ï´Ù. °æÁ¦ Àü¸ÁÀº ±ÝÀ¶½ºÆ®·¹½º°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª »¡¸® ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ°áµÇ´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁú °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×¿Í°°Àº Çö»óÀº ½Ç·Ê°¡
°ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °æÁ¦ Àü¸Á¿¡ ½Å³äÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµå´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
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Here's what I do know: The authorities
around the world have brought to bear on this situation an array of
actions that are unprecedented in scope and force; these actions
show every promise of being successful in restoring confidence in
lending institutions and freeing the flow of credit to households
and businesses; and governments in the United States and elsewhere
have shown themselves able to work across political parties and
across international boundaries to craft new approaches to problems.
As Chairman Bernanke has often remarked, at the Federal Reserve we
will utilize all the tools at our disposal to meet our
responsibilities for fostering high employment and stable prices. I
also know that the U.S. economy has proven itself over the years to
be flexible and resilient as well as innovative and productive,
qualities which enable it to rebound from serious economic shocks. I
am confident that we will emerge from this episode with a stronger
and more robust financial system and with a restoration of solid and
sustainable economic growth.
³»°¡ ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù: ÇØ¿Ü
´ç±¹µéÀº ±× ¹üÀ§³ª ÃßÁø·Â¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Àü·Ê¿¡ ¾ø´Â ¾×¼ÇÀ» ÃëÇϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¾×¼ÇÀº ±ÝÀ¶±â°üµéÀÇ ½Å·Ú¸¦ µÇã°í;
¼ÒºñÀÚµé°ú ºñÁö´Ï½ºµé¿¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ°¡¾ßÇÒ ½Å¿ëÀÇ ¹®À» ¿¾îÁÖ°í; ¹ÌÁ¤ºÎ ´ç±¹µé °£¿¡ ÃÊ´çÁ¤½ÅÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±¹°æÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼
ÇÔ²² ´ëÀÀÃ¥À» ¸¸µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹ö³ÃŰ ÀÇÀåÀÌ ÀÚÁÖÇÏ´Â ¸»´ë·Î ¿¬¹æÁغñ±¹Àº ¸ð½¼ µµ±¸¿Í ÈûÀ» µ¿¿øÇؼ
³ôÀº °í¿ëÀ²°ú ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ¹°°¡¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϴ åÀÓÀ» ´ÙÇØ¾ßÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ³»°¡ ¶Ç ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦´Â Áö³ ¼ö³â°£ Áõ¸íÇØ º¸ÀÎ °Íó·³
À¶Å뼺ÀÖ°í ź·Â¼ºÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Çõ½ÅÀûÀÌ°í »ý»êÀûÀ̸ç, ½É°¢ÇÑ °æÁ¦Àû Ãæ°Ý¿¡¼ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁúÀû¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ¼ÒÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â À̹ø¿¡ ´õ¿í ´õ °Çϰí Ȱ±âÂù ±ÝÀ¶½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ´Ü´ÜÇϰí Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â °æÁ¦¼ºÀåÀÇ º¹¿øÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ Àç°³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â
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